Evaluation of common wastewaters on the growth of alga Spirulina

Tassnapa Wongsnansilp; Wikit Phinrub

doi:10.7324/JABB.2022.10s105

Abstract

To evaluate the suitability of wastewater on the growth of alga Spirulina, reclaimed wastewaters, fishpond wastewater, industrial wastewater and mariculture water were used to culture Spirulina subsalsa and Spirulina platensis. S. subsalsa showed better adaptability to fishpond wastewater and higher specific growth rate than that of S. platensis. Thus, effects of factors such as the amount of baking soda, inoculation, and sodium nitrate on the growth, biomass and protein content of S. subsalsa were evaluated through the single factors design. Results showed that S. subsalsa had good growth under conditions of 4–12 g/L baking soda, 1–2 g/L NaNO3 , 25–40°C, and 6000–12000 lux illumination. The maximum dry biomass and protein content were 3.48 g/L and 33.08%, respectively, suggesting that it was feasible to culture S. subsalsa in freshwater aquaculture wastewater.

Keyword: Adaptability Biomass Protein Specific growth rate Wastewater.

Citation:

Wongsnansilp T, Phinrub W. Evaluation of common wastewaters on the growth of alga Spirulina. J App Biol Biotech. 2022;10(2):33-38.

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

Reference

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3. Al-Homaidan A, Husainy M, Shehata AI. Effects of temperature, pH and salinity on growth of two species of Spirulina isolated from Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2005;12:1-13.
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5. Ogato T, Kifle D, Fetahi T, Sitotaw B. Evaluation of growth and biomass production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) fusiformis in laboratory cultures using waters from the Ethiopian soda lakes Chitu and Shala. J Appl Phycol 2014;26:2273-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0251-4
6. Jesus CS, Uebel LD, Costa SS, Miranda AL, de Morais EG, de Morais MG, et al. Outdoor pilot-scale cultivation of Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in different geographic locations for evaluating its growth and chemical composition. Bioresour Technol 2018;256:86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.149
7. Pinho MA, Torres R, Sant'Anna ES. Alternative nutrients sources for Arthorpira (Spirulina) spp. cultivation. The CEPPA Bulletin 2010;28:159-68. https://doi.org/10.5380/cep.v28i1.17907
8. Zuo Y, Wongsnansilp T, Zhang X, Chen G, Wu Z. Continuous biomass and lipid production from local chlorella-bacteria consortium in raw wastewater using volatile fatty acids. Biotechnol Lett 2020;42:1449-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-02924-y
9. Wang J, Cheng W, Liu W, Wang H, Zhang D, Qiao Z, et al. Field study on attached cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) with carbon dioxide as carbon source. Bioresour Technol 2019;283:270-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.099
10. Aruna SJ, Ravindran AD. Cultivation of Spirulina sp. using organic substrates. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2008;2:483-8.
11. Wu Z, Dejtisakdi W, Kermanee P, Ma C, Arirob W, Sathasivam R, et al. Outdoor cultivation of Dunaliella salina KU 11 using brine and saline lake water with raceway ponds in Northeastern Thailand. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017;64:938-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.1537
12. Murugan T, Rajesh R. Cultivation of two species of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis and Spirulina platensis var lonar) on sea water medium and extraction of C-phycocyanin. Eur J Exp Biol 2014;4:93-7.
13. Arambasic, Bjelic S, Subakov G. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington DC, USA: APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), WPCF (Water Pollution Control Federation); 1995.
14. Markou G, Chatzipavlidis I, Georgakakis D. Effects of phosphorus concentration and light intensity on the biomass composition of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012;28:2661-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1076-4
15. Silva B, Silveira M, Vieira C, De M. Cultivation strategy to stimulate high carbohydrate content in Spirulina biomass. Bioresour Technol 2018;269:221-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.105
16. Alava DD, Mello P, Wagener K. The relevance of the Co2 partial pressure of sodium bicarbonate solutions for the mass cultivation of the microalga Spirulina. J Braz Chem Soc 1997;8:447-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50531997000500004
17. Pelizer LH, Danesi E, Rangel C, Sassano CE, Carvalho JC, Sato S, et al. Influence of inoculum age and concentration in Spirulina platensis cultivation. J Food Eng 2003;56:371-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00209-1
18. Shanthi G, Premalatha M, Anantharaman N. Potential utilization of fish waste for the sustainable production of microalgae rich in renewable protein and phycocyanin-Arthrospira platensis/Spirulina. J Clean Prod 2021;294:126106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126106
19. Kim CJ, Jung YH, Oh HM. Factors indicating culture status during cultivation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. JMicrobiol 2007;45:122-7.

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1. Godlewska K, Tomaszewska B, Michalak I, Bujakowski W, Chojnacka K. Prospects of geothermal water use in cultivation of Spirulina. Open Chem 2015;13:1218-27. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0134

2. Lim HR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Chang CK, Show PL. Perspective of Spirulina culture with wastewater into a sustainable circular bioeconomy. Environ Pollut 2021; 284:117492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117492

3. Al-Homaidan A, Husainy M, Shehata AI. Effects of temperature, pH and salinity on growth of two species of Spirulina isolated from Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2005;12:1-13.

4. Al-Homaidan A. Large-scale cultivation of Spirulina in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2002;8:2.

5. Ogato T, Kifle D, Fetahi T, Sitotaw B. Evaluation of growth and biomass production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) fusiformis in laboratory cultures using waters from the Ethiopian soda lakes Chitu and Shala. J Appl Phycol 2014;26:2273-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0251-4

6. Jesus CS, Uebel LD, Costa SS, Miranda AL, de Morais EG, de Morais MG, et al. Outdoor pilot-scale cultivation of Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in different geographic locations for evaluating its growth and chemical composition. Bioresour Technol 2018;256:86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.149

7. Pinho MA, Torres R, Sant'Anna ES. Alternative nutrients sources for Arthorpira (Spirulina) spp. cultivation. The CEPPA Bulletin 2010;28:159-68. https://doi.org/10.5380/cep.v28i1.17907

8. Zuo Y, Wongsnansilp T, Zhang X, Chen G, Wu Z. Continuous biomass and lipid production from local chlorella-bacteria consortium in raw wastewater using volatile fatty acids. Biotechnol Lett 2020;42:1449-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-02924-y

9. Wang J, Cheng W, Liu W, Wang H, Zhang D, Qiao Z, et al. Field study on attached cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) with carbon dioxide as carbon source. Bioresour Technol 2019;283:270-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.099

10. Aruna SJ, Ravindran AD. Cultivation of Spirulina sp. using organic substrates. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2008;2:483-8.

11. Wu Z, Dejtisakdi W, Kermanee P, Ma C, Arirob W, Sathasivam R, et al. Outdoor cultivation of Dunaliella salina KU 11 using brine and saline lake water with raceway ponds in Northeastern Thailand. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017;64:938-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.1537

12. Murugan T, Rajesh R. Cultivation of two species of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis and Spirulina platensis var lonar) on sea water medium and extraction of C-phycocyanin. Eur J Exp Biol 2014;4:93-7.

13. Arambasic, Bjelic S, Subakov G. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington DC, USA: APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), WPCF (Water Pollution Control Federation); 1995.

14. Markou G, Chatzipavlidis I, Georgakakis D. Effects of phosphorus concentration and light intensity on the biomass composition of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012;28:2661-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1076-4

15. Silva B, Silveira M, Vieira C, De M. Cultivation strategy to stimulate high carbohydrate content in Spirulina biomass. Bioresour Technol 2018;269:221-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.105

16. Alava DD, Mello P, Wagener K. The relevance of the Co2 partial pressure of sodium bicarbonate solutions for the mass cultivation of the microalga Spirulina. J Braz Chem Soc 1997;8:447-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50531997000500004

17. Pelizer LH, Danesi E, Rangel C, Sassano CE, Carvalho JC, Sato S, et al. Influence of inoculum age and concentration in Spirulina platensis cultivation. J Food Eng 2003;56:371-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00209-1

18. Shanthi G, Premalatha M, Anantharaman N. Potential utilization of fish waste for the sustainable production of microalgae rich in renewable protein and phycocyanin-Arthrospira platensis/Spirulina. J Clean Prod 2021;294:126106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126106

19. Kim CJ, Jung YH, Oh HM. Factors indicating culture status during cultivation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. JMicrobiol 2007;45:122-7.