Research Article | Volume 13, Issue 1, January, 2025

Leaf area index, quality, and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) affected by different planting patterns and nitrogen levels

Harmanpreet Kaur Gill Ujagar Singh Walia   

Open Access   

Published:  Nov 15, 2024

DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2024.200916
Abstract

A study was conducted during two seasons, Rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24, on the farm of Lovely Professional University in Jalandhar, Punjab, focusing on the “leaf area index, quality, and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) affected by different planting patterns and nitrogen levels.” The experiment was set up in a split-plot design (SPD) with three planting techniques: two rows per bed, bidirectional sowing, and line sowing in the main plots, and five nitrogen levels: 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 Kg N/ha. The findings concluded that among the main plots, significantly greater leaf area index, chlorophyll index, protein content (7.61%, 9.46%), and nitrogen content by grains (1.21%, 1.51%) and straw (0.63%, 0.66%) were obtained in the two rows per bed technique compared to bidirectional and line techniques. Additionally, there was an increased nitrogen uptake by grains and straw, significantly higher (39.98%, 33.97%, and 65.35%, 62.42%, respectively) in two rows per bed and (15.40%, 12.85%, and 24.53%, 21.46%, respectively) in bidirectional sowing during both years compared to flat sowing technique. Among the nitrogen level treatments, chlorophyll index (46.81 and 43.54), protein content (9.79% and 11.61%), nitrogen content (1.32%, 1.62% and 0.73%, 0.76%), and uptake (85.72 Kg/ha, 99.52 Kg/ha, and 47.80 Kg/ha, 48.96 Kg/ha) in grains and straw were significantly higher in the 160 Kg N/ha treatment compared to 0, 40, 80, and 120 Kg/ha.


Keyword:     Chlorophyll index Leaf area index Planting patterns Protein Uptake Wheat


Citation:

Gill HK, Walia US. Leaf area index, quality, and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) affected by different planting patterns and nitrogen levels. J App Biol Biotech. 2025;13(1):46-50. http://doi.org/10.7324/JAB B .2024.200916

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Rice is the most edible crop in India, yet wheat is the top food grain crop globally. While rice is the primary staple crop in India, wheat is the most widely cultivated food grain globally. According to ancient studies, emmer wheat was first cultivated around 9600 BC. By 7500 BC, wheat and barley were being cultivated, but the first cultivation of wheat occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, marking the beginning of agricultural practices during the Neolithic age [1]. According to statistical reports, wheat production was 592 million metric tons in 1990-1991, increased to 789.17 million metric tons in 2022-2023, and is estimated to be 784.91 million metric tons in 2023-2024, slightly lower than the previous year . India is the second-largest producer of wheat after China. In our country, wheat production reached 109.53 million tons, cultivated over an area of 316.14 lakh hectares, with a productivity of 3464 Kg/ha [2]. Wheat is the most common cereal crop, growing under 219 million hectares in the World and 29.8 million hectares in India. India is the second largest producer of wheat after China [3]. The main way to increase wheat productivity is by selecting the proper planting pattern. The selection of efficient planting patterns is crucial for enhancing crop productivity. Choosing the right planting pattern is essential for maximizing wheat productivity by optimizing resource use, minimizing competition, managing pests and diseases, and facilitating efficient agricultural operations. There are several common planting patterns used in agriculture, such as broadcasting, bi-directional sowing, furrow irrigated raised beds, and flatbed sowing. The row and bed methods of wheat sowing have their own pros and cons. In terms of growth parameters and yield, ridge and furrow sowing out performed traditional flat sowing. The row spacing is also important for maintaining the plant population. The bed method is more efficient than flat sowing because it provides mechanical strength to plants, saves water, increases fertilizer use efficiency, reduces competition between crops and weeds, reduces water logging, and causes less erosion [4]. The bed technique is superior to row or flat sowing because it provides support to plants, improves water usage efficiency, enhances nutrient utilization, reduces competition between weeds and plants, decreases water retention, and minimizes erosion. Cross-sowing or bidirectional sowing also contributes to increased grain yield through its smothering effect on weeds, improved resource utilization efficiency, and mitigation of risks associated with climate variability and extreme weather events. Different planting patterns also influence the growth and development of weeds, thereby affecting wheat production per unit area.

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for the growth and maturation of all plants, including kernels. Nitrogen is an integral part of the nucleoplasm, polypeptides, nucleotides, catalysts, and proteins, enabling the proper formation of husks and florets [5]. Nitrogen is the foremost macronutrient continuously utilized by farmers. Nitrogen is essential for numerous physiological processes in plants, ranging from basic metabolism and growth to responses to environmental stimuli. Maintaining optimal nitrogen levels is crucial for promoting enzyme co-factors, chlorophyll formation, secondary metabolites, osmotic regulation, healthy plant growth, development, and productivity. Since nitrogen is a key component of proteins, vitamins, hormones, and other substances, it is essential for both plants and animals, critically impacting life [6]. It plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including photosynthesis, protein synthesis, enzyme activities, and overall plant metabolism. The maximum number of tillers, biological yield, and seed yield were reported with 203 Kg N/ha, while seed yield, test weight, and seed/spike were observed with the use of 145 Kg N/ha [7]. The supply of 120 Kg N/ha showed higher nitrogen use efficiency in the bed method (15.2%) when applied at the same rate as in flat sowing. Nitrogen use efficiency, recovery efficiency, and agronomic efficiency were also higher in bed planting than in flat planting. The main objectives of the study are given below:

1. To study the influence of planting patterns on N uptake by wheat crops under different N levels.

2. To determine the interactive effects between planting patterns and nitrogen levels.

3. To estimate the wheat quality and uptake of N as influenced by planting patterns and nitrogen level treatments.


2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The field experiment on the wheat variety PBW 824 was grown at the demonstration farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara during Rabi 2022-2023 and 2023-24. The trial was sown on sandy loam soil in 2022-23 and 2023-24 with a 6.05 pH, 0.38 % organic carbon, 306.5 Kg/ha available nitrogen, 25.3 Kg/ha available phosphorus, and 190.1 Kg/ha available potassium. The trial was set out in SPD with three planting techniques in major plots and five N treatments in minor plots, with four replications during both years. The three planting patterns, that is, M1- two rows per bed, M2- bidirectional sowing, M3- line/row sowing were stayed in major plots and 5 N treatments i.e. T1- 0, T2- 40, T3- 80, T4- 120, and T5- 160 Kg N/ha were retained in minor plots. The field was prepared with discing and cultivators (twice), and sowing was done with the Kera method on November 4, 2022 in the first season and on November 6, 2023 in the second season. The subplot size was 5×3.20 m and the major plot size was 64 Sq. m. during both years. The bed size was 67.5 cm with a top of 37.5 cm and a 30 cm. Two rows per bed were grown on top of the bed. The spray of EMEK (metribuzin+clodinafop) at 240 g was made to keep the crop free from broad leaf weeds, Phalaris minor, and both, respectively. The spray of herbicides was finished as Post-emergence (POE) after 35 days of sowing, according to treatments. The N doses were supplied according to treatments at sowing time, and the 2nd half dose was appealed after 35 DAS. The 1st irrigation was appealed after 21 days after sowing at the crown stage, the 2nd at the initiation of tillers, the 3rd at the boot stage, and the 4th at the milky stage as an opinion to the precipitation situation.

To avoid damage to Jassids and Aphids, the plot was spritzed with malathion at 1.0 lit/ha. After that, the crop was culled with a sickle after 146 DAS in the first season and 143 DAS in the second season after considering the signs of maturity and switching the color of the plant. The net plot harvested was two Sq. m. from the central portion of each plot. The crop was bound after harvesting and kept in the sun for complete drying. Then the crop was beaded with stakes, and seeds were winnowed and plot-wise chewed over on the balance machine.

The analysis was completed by OPSTAT (two-factor analysis). All the above research data on different parameters of crops was analyzed by analysis of variance statistical method. The Critical difference values are at 5%, significance levels are at 1%, and non-significant data is denoted as NS. The data was analyzed through Operational Statistics (OPSTAT), Hisar Agriculture University (HAU).

Table 1: Anova table.

Source of Variationd.fS.SMSF value
Replicationm-1SSRMr = SSR/(m-1)Mr/Ma
Xn-1SSXMx = SSX/(n-1)Mx/Ma
Error (a)(m-1) (n-1)SSEMa = SSE(a)/(m-1)(n-1)
Yk-1SSYMy = SSY/(k-1)My/Mb
Interaction XY(n-1) (k-1)SSXYMxy = SSXY/(n-1)(m- 1)Mxy/Ma
Error (b)n(m-1)(k-1)SSEMb= SSE(b)/n(m-1)(k-1)
Totalmnk-1SST

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Leaf Area Index

The leaf area index (LAI) represents the ratio of leaf area to ground area. It reached its peak in the bed-two-row technique, significantly surpassing the bidirectional sowing and flat planting methods [Table 1] at 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing in both years. LAI at 60 days after sowing was notably higher with 160 Kg nitrogen compared to other nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 Kg N/ha) during both the 2022-23 and 2023-24 periods. However, LAI was highest at 90 days after sowing, attributed to the crop being at its full vegetative stage at that time. By 120 days after sowing, as the crop entered the heading stage, the leaf area decreased due to assimilation. Significant interactions were observed among main and sub-treatments at 90 days after sowing in both 2022-23 and 2023-24, while pooled means were non-significant at 60 and 120 days after sowing across both years. Similar observations were reported by [8].

Table 2: Effect of planting techniques and N levels on leaf area index.

Leaf area index
Treatments 2022-2360 DAS90 DAS120 DAS
2022-232023-24Pool2022-232023-24Pool2022-232023-24Pool
 
Planting patterns
Two rows per bed5.125.475.305.776.095.935.985.415.69
Cross sowing5.045.395.225.675.985.825.544.975.25
Flat sowing4.925.275.105.525.845.685.735.075.4
SE(m) ±0.020.030.020.040.020.030.070.080.07
C.D.0.140.140.140.11.10.1NS0.290.3
Nitrogen levels
0 Kg N/ha4.85.154.985.45.725.565.14.514.8
40 Kg N/ha5.015.365.25.625.945.785.474.835.15
80 Kg N/ha5.035.375.185.785.985.825.665.185.48
120 Kg N/ha5.055.45.236.066.025.985.75.475.68
160 Kg N/ha5.275.625.456.296.196.065.875.775.89
SE(m) ±0.040.050.040.030.040.030.050.030.04
C.D.0.130.130.130.110.120.120.120.10.11
InteractionNSNSNS0.210.20.21NSNSNS

3.2. Chlorophyll Index

The chlorophyll index directly correlates with photosynthesis and the greenness of plants, which are crucial factors governing crop yield. Chlorophyll content was found to be highest in the bed-two-row technique, significantly surpassing the bidirectional sowing and flat planting methods [Table 2] at 60 and 90 days after sowing in both years. At 60 days after sowing, chlorophyll content was notably higher with 160 Kg nitrogen compared to other nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 Kg N/ha), significantly outperforming other treatments during both 2022-23 and 2023-24. Similarly, at 90 days after sowing, observations revealed that the 160 Kg nitrogen treatment significantly outperformed all other nitrogen level treatments. However, the chlorophyll index was higher at 60 days after sowing than at 90 days after sowing because nitrogen application was ongoing until 58 days after sowing, resulting in increased greenness at 60 days after sowing, corresponding to the full vegetative stage of the crop. By 90 days after sowing, as the crop reached the heading stage, chlorophyll content decreased in leaves due to assimilation. Significant interactions were observed among main and sub-treatments at 60 days after sowing in 2023-24, while pooled means were non-significant at 90 days after sowing in both years. Sharma et al. (2022) concluded that the highest number of tillers (8.7%), straw yield (15.2%), total nitrogen uptake (25.1%), and chlorophyll readings (6.2%-10.4%) were recorded under 120 Kg N/ha compared to other doses (0, 80 Kg N/ha), which aligns with similar findings [9].

Table 3: Effect of planting techniques and N levels on chlorophyll index.

Chlorophyll index
Treatments60 DAS90 DAS
2022-232023-24Pool2022-232023-24Pool
 
Planting patterns
Two rows per bed43.2140.0241.6239.6639.639.64
Cross sowing40.7237.4138.2636.4137.3436.91
Flat sowing39.9636.5339.0537.3837.6837.44
SE(m) ±0.530.510.520.430.490.46
C.D.1.60.871.11.631.821.66
Nitrogen levels
0 Kg N/ha31.7129.6530.7028.1828.9228.55
40 Kg N/ha39.9236.0137.9936.4636.9536.71
80 Kg N/ha42.3438.640.4738.8439.1839.01
120 Kg N/ha45.6842.1443.8842.1542.0942.11
160 Kg N/ha46.8143.5445.1843.3143.8843.61
SE(m) ±0.310.360.330.430.390.41
C.D.1.010.850.730.971.040.95
InteractionNS1.551.37NSNSNS

3.3. Protein Content, Nitrogen Content in Grains and Straws (%)

The difference in protein content (%) across different planting patterns was significant in both years [Table 3]. Protein content in the two rows per bed planting pattern was notably higher than in other treatments during both the 2022-23 and 2023-24 periods. This higher protein content in the two-row-bed pattern can be attributed to better crop stand, looser conditions, reduced weed competition, and less waterlogged conditions. Additionally, other growth, yield, and quality parameters were also higher in this treatment. Regarding nitrogen levels, the highest protein content was consistently recorded at 160 Kg N/ha compared to other nitrogen treatments. The interaction effects of main and sub-plot treatments on protein percentage were found to be significant. The highest nitrogen content in grains and straw was also significantly observed in the two-row-bed planting pattern due to better urea utilization in loose conditions and better solubilization compared to bidirectional and flat sowing methods during both years. Across nitrogen level treatments, nitrogen content in grains and straw was notably higher with 160 Kg nitrogen per hectare compared to other treatments. Yousaf (2014) revealed that across various nitrogen treatments (0, 70, 110, 130, and 160 Kg N/ha), higher production and protein content were observed with increased nitrogen levels. All maturity attributes, productivity, and standard parameters were enhanced with the increase in nitrogen doses. Similar results were also reported by [10,11].

Table 4: Effect of planting techniques and N levels on protein content, nitrogen content in grains and straw (%).

TreatmentsProtein content (%)Nitrogen content in grains (%)Nitrogen content in straw (%)
2022-232023-24Pool2022-232023-24Pool2022-232023-24Pool
 
Planting patterns
Two rows per bed7.619.468.541.211.511.360.630.660.65
Cross sowing6.498.377.431.031.341.190.490.520.51
Flat sowing5.817.596.710.931.221.070.410.440.43
SE(m) ±0.070.090.080.030.010.020.020.010.01
C.D.0.290.320.300.0470.0510.0480.0470.0420.044
Nitrogen levels
0 Kg N/ha4.125.985.050.660.950.810.170.180.17
40 Kg N/ha4.916.755.830.781.080.930.30.330.31
80 Kg N/ha6.127.927.020.971.271.120.50.530.51
120 Kg N/ha8.2610.119.181.321.621.470.730.760.74
160 Kg N/ha9.7911.6110.711.561.871.710.870.920.89
SE(m) ±0.130.110.120.010.020.010.020.040.03
C.D.0.280.330.290.0460.0530.0480.0430.0410.041
Interaction0.520.590.540.0830.0950.0870.0790.0740.075

3.4. Nitrogen Uptake by Grains and Straw (Kg/ha)

Planting techniques and nitrogen (N) level treatments significantly impacted N uptake by grains and straw in wheat [Table 4]. The planting technique using two rows per bed resulted in significantly higher N uptake by grains and straw during both years compared to bidirectional sowing and flat sowing methods, demonstrating its superiority over these techniques. The highest uptake by grains (53.07 and 63.88 Kg/ha) was observed in the two rows per bed method, followed by bidirectional sowing (43.75 and 53.81 Kg/ha) and flat planting techniques (37.91 and 47.68 Kg/ha) during both years. The two rows per bed treatments increased nitrogen uptake by grains by 39.98% and 15.40% in 2022-23 and 33.97% and 12.85% in 2023-24 compared to bidirectional sowing and flat planting patterns, respectively. The higher uptake recorded in the two rows per bed method may be attributed to superior maturity attributes and yield parameters. In terms of nitrogen treatments, significantly higher uptake by grains and straw in wheat was observed with 160 Kg N/ha compared to 0, 40, 80, and 120 Kg N/ha. The uptake by grains increased by 22.93% in 2022-23 and 19.70% in 2023-24 with the application of 160 Kg N per ha compared to 120 Kg N/ha. Similarly, the uptake by straw increased by 23.96% in 2022-23 and 25.53% in 2023-24 with the application of 160 Kg N/ha compared to 120 Kg nitrogen. Godebo et al. (2021) conducted a study in the Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia, which revealed that most parameters, including yield, yield components, N uptake, and use efficiency, were significantly higher under 30 and 46 Kg N/ha compared to 0 and 23 N/ha [12,13] also reported similar results.

Table 5: Effect of planting techniques and N levels on nitrogen uptake by grains and straw (Kg/ha).

TreatmentsNitrogen uptake by grains (Kg /ha)Nitrogen uptake by straw (Kg /ha)
2022-232023-24Pool2022-232023-24Pool
 
Planting patterns
Two rows per bed53.0763.8858.6027.6327.9228.0
Cross sowing43.7553.8149.1820.8120.8821.07
Flat sowing37.9147.6842.7316.7117.1917.17
SE(m) ±0.610.650.630.560.430.49
C.D.0.0470.0650.0530.0470.0540.048
Nitrogen levels
0 Kg N/ha18.0924.0121.334.614.544.47
40 Kg N/ha25.5832.9129.429.8410.059.81
80 Kg N/ha42.5453.7748.2821.9322.4421.98
120 Kg N/ha69.7383.1483.8938.5639.040.02
160 Kg N/ha85.7299.5292.4947.8048.9650.79
SE(m) ±0.600.540.570.380.420.40
C.D.0.0540.0530.050.0510.0410.043
InteractionNS0.170.16NS0.140.14

4. CONCLUSION

Among all the parameters, quality parameters such as leaf area index, chlorophyll index, and protein content were significantly higher in the two rows per bed method. The uptake and nitrogen content of grains and straw were notably higher in the two rows per bed method than in other planting techniques. This was because the growth was better with the bed method due to improved crop growth, loose soil, a smothering effect, and less weed infestation. Among nitrogen level treatments, the uptake of nitrogen by grains and straw, nitrogen content, protein content, and chlorophyll index were significantly higher with 160 Kg N/ha compared to other nitrogen levels.


5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am thankful to my advisor Dr. U.S. Walia, Department of Agronomy who helped me in gathering various information, ideas from their life experiences and provide guidance in difficult situations that I faced while pursuing my degree, despite their busy schedules.


6. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All the authors are eligible to be an author as per the international committee of medical journal editors (ICMJE) requirements/guidelines.


7. FUNDING

There is no funding to report.


8. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors report no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work.


9. ETHICAL APPROVALS

This study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects.


10. DATA AVAILABILITY

The authors confirmed that, the data supporting the finding of the present study are available within the article.


11. USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)-ASSISTED TECHNOLOGY

The authors confirm that there was no use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for assisting in the writing or editing of the manuscript and no images were manipulated using AI.


12. PUBLISHER’S NOTE

This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.


REFERENCES

1.  Feldman M, Kislev ME. Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat in A century of wheat research- from wild emmer discovery to genome analysis. Isr J of Plant Sci. 2008;55(3, 7):207-21. [CrossRef]

2.  Statistical Report. Directorate of Economics and Statistics and International Wheat Production Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare; 2023-24.

3.  Annual Report. Directorate of Economics and Statistics and International Wheat Production Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare; 2020-21.

4.  Singh CB, Rishi R, Kumar A, Hashim M, Pandey UC. Performance of improved varieties under various planting techniques in N-E plain zone of India. J Comm Mob Sus Dev. 2016;11:145-9.

5.  Anjum SA, Saleem MF, Bilal MF, Cheema MA, Ghaffar A. Effect of nitrogen on growth and yield of Sugarcane. J Ame Soc Sug. 2012;32:75-86.

6.  Rafiq MA, Ali A, Malik MA, and Hussain M. Effect of fertilizer levels and plant densities on yield and protein contents of autumn planted maize. Pak J Agri Sci. 2010;47:201-8.

7.  Ullah I, Rehman A, Shabaz MA, Waheed A, Hafeez A, Ishfaq M, et al. Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth, yield and yield contributing attributes of wheat. Inter J Sci Engi Res. 2018;9(9):595-602. [CrossRef]

8.  Majeed A, Hussain AS. Bed planting of wheat improves nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield compared to flat planting. Crop J. 2015;3(2):118-24. [CrossRef]

9. Kumar S, Rawat P, Sasi M, Gusain P, Gupta P. Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth and yield of wheat. Pha Inno. 2023;12(7): 3348-51.

10.  Litke L, Gaile Z, Ruza A. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat yield and yield quality. Agr Res. 2018;16(2):500-9. [CrossRef]

11.  Chaturvedi I. Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Inter J Agri Sci. 2006;2(2):372-4. [CrossRef]

12. Qazizadah NA, Prakash R, Mor VS, Kumar A, Satyavan. Effect of nitrogen levels on performance of wheat varieties under saline water irrigation in semiarid regions. J Soi Sali Water Qua. 2022;14(1):15-21. https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/JoSSWQ/article/view/136520

13. Yang T, Wang X, Zhou Q, Wang Q, Jiang D, Huang M, Cai J. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on quality characteristics of wheat with absence of different individual high-molecular weight glutenin sub-units. Inter J Mole Sci. 2002;23(4): 2178. [CrossRef]

Reference

1. Feldman M, Kislev ME. Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat in A century of wheat research-from wild emmer discovery to genome analysis. Isr J of Plant Sci. 2008;55(3, 7):207-21. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJPS.55.3-4.207

2. Statistical Report. Directorate of Economics and Statistics and International Wheat Production Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare; 2023-24.

3. Annual Report. Directorate of Economics and Statistics and International Wheat Production Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare; 2020-21.

4. Singh CB, Rishi R, Kumar A, Hashim M, Pandey UC. Performance of improved varieties under various planting techniques in N-E plain zone of India. J Comm Mob Sus Dev. 2016;11:145-9.

5. Anjum SA, Saleem MF, Bilal MF, Cheema MA, Ghaffar A. Effect of nitrogen on growth and yield of Sugarcane. J Ame Soc Sug. 2012;32:75-86.

6. Rafiq MA, Ali A, Malik MA, and Hussain M. Effect of fertilizer levels and plant densities on yield and protein contents of autumn planted maize. Pak J Agri Sci. 2010;47:201-8.

7. Ullah I, Rehman A, Shabaz MA, Waheed A, Hafeez A, Ishfaq M, et al. Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth, yield and yield contributing attributes of wheat. Inter J Sci Engi Res. 2018;9(9):595-602. https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2018.09.01

8. Majeed A, Hussain AS. Bed planting of wheat improves nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield compared to flat planting. Crop J. 2015;3(2):118-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.01.003

9. Kumar S, Rawat P, Sasi M, Gusain P, Gupta P. Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth and yield of wheat. Pha Inno. 2023;12(7): 3348-51.

10. Litke L, Gaile Z, Ruza A. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat yield and yield quality. Agr Res. 2018;16(2):500-9.

11. Chaturvedi I. Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Inter J Agri Sci. 2006;2(2):372-4.

12. Qazizadah NA, Prakash R, Mor VS, Kumar A, Satyavan. Effect of nitrogen levels on performance of wheat varieties under saline water irrigation in semiarid regions. J Soi Sali Water Qua. 2022;14(1):15- 21. https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/JoSSWQ/article/view/136520

13. Yang T, Wang X, Zhou Q, Wang Q, Jiang D, Huang M, Cai J. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on quality characteristics of wheat with absence of different individual high-molecular weight glutenin sub-units. Inter J Mole Sci. 2002;23(4): 2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042178

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A. I. C. Nyaka Ngobisa , Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong , Wong Mui Yun , M. Z. Dzarifah, P. A. Owona Ndongo

Predicted interaction of human Ribosomal Protein S15 with Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein

Edmund Ui-Hang Sim, Xiang-Ru Ma, Stella Li-Li Chan, Choon-Weng Lee, Kumaran Narayanan

Potential use as a bio-preservative from lupin protein hydrolysate generated by alcalase in food system

Ali Osman, Ghada M. El-Araby, Hefnawy Taha

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis along the leaf developmental gradient of the sigma factor gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

Hongyun Liu, Jinjin Cheng, Siyuan Cheng, Hui Fan , Bo Wen , Zheng Liu

Growth responses on major replacement of animal protein with plant protein and graded levels of dietary supplement amino sugar, glucosamine in threatened Magur (Clarias batrachus, Linnaeus, 1758) fry

Shipra Chowdhary, P. P. Srivastava , J.K. Jena, S. Raizada, A.K. Yadav, R. Dayal, S. Misra

Physiological and biochemical characterization of Sesamum germplasms tolerant to NaCl

Tapaswini Hota, C. Pradhan, G. R. Rout

Characterization of a pollen-specific agp1-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana

Tian Wu, Feng Feng, Changhui Ye, Yingzhi Li

Effect of various dietary fats supplementation on the liver glycogen, protein and digestive enzymes activities in striped murrel, Channa striatus

Rajesh Dayal, Prem Prakash Srivastava , Joykrushna Jena, Sudhir Raizada, Akhilesh Kumar Yadav, Anita Bhatnagar, Shipra Chowdhary

Expression analysis of recombinant Vigna radiata plant defensin 1 protein in transgenic tobacco plants

Hoang Thi Thao , Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan, Ho Manh Tuong, Nguyen Vu Thanh Thanh, Le Van Son, Chu Hoang Mau

Dagaa (Rastrinoebola argentea) protein hydrolysate as a nitrogen source in microbial culture media

Katherine Pere, Betty Mbatia, Edward Muge, Vitalis W. Wekesa

Effects of modulation dietary gelatinized cornstarch/protein ratio on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

Y E O Gope yue Maurice , B L E Melecony Celestin, Fagbohoun Bedel, Etchian Assoi Olivier, Dabonne Soumaila

Long Non-Coding RNAs and their “Orchestration” in Cancers

Venkata Narasimha Kadali, Sheji Chandran, Smitha Murthy

Progress in understanding the regulation and expression of genes during plant somatic embryogenesis: A review

Vikrant, Prajisha Janardhanan

Morphological Trait, Molecular Genetic Evidence and Proteomic Determination of Different Chickens (Gallus gallus) Breeds

Wirot Likittrakulwong, Pisit Poolprasert, Sittiruk Roytrakul

Effect of foliar fertilization with zinc and manganese sulfate on yield, dry matter accumulation, and zinc and manganese contents in leaf and seed of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Soheil Kobraee

Detection of virulence genes and investigation of the immunogenicity of outer membrane proteins of Salmonella enterica

Mohamed A. El-Tayeb , Abdelnasser S. S. Ibrahim, Dina A. Maany , Yahya B. Elbadawi, Ali A. Al-Salamah

Study of impact of Wolbachia surface protein on reactive oxygen species production in HepG2 cell line exposed to ethanol

V. P. Kishore, H. P. Puttaraju

Biochemical and cytogenetic effects of Imazethapyr on Cicer arietinum L.

Manijeh Hoseiny-Rad, Ali Ashraf Aivazi

Modulation of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixing ability, and yield attributes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to interactive effect NPK fertilizers and municipal wastewater irrigation

Hamid Iqbal Tak

Ab-initio modelling and docking evaluation of geographically derived coat proteins of chilli leaf curl virus with flavonoids and chemical compounds

Gnanaprakash Jeyaraj, Habeeb Shaik Mohideen, A. Swapna Geetanjali

Augmentative role of Piriformospora indica fungus and plant growth promoting bacteria in mitigating salinity stress in Trigonella foenum-graecum

Sanskriti Bisht, Shatrupa Singh, Madhulika Singh,, Jai Gopal Sharma

Computational ligand–receptor docking simulation of piperine with apoptosis-associated factors

Adrianne Dien-Yu Vong, Siaw-San Hwang, Xavier Wezen Chee, Edmund Ui-Hang Sim

Diversity due to mutations in circulating virus strains of SARS-CoV-2 may delay control of COVID-19

Sharanagouda S. Patil, Chandan Shivamallu, Chandan Dharmashekara, Sushma Pradeep, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Ashwini Prasad, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Mahendra P. Yadav, Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Bramhadev Pattnaik

Cloning and expression of a GH11 xylanase from Bacillus pumilus SSP-34 in Pichia pastoris GS115: Purification and characterization

Sagar Krishna Bhat,, Kavya Purushothaman, Appu Rao Gopala Rao Appu Rao, K Ramachandra Kini

Genetic polymorphism of soybean genotypes with contrasting levels of phosphatidylcholine, protein, and lipoxygenase-2

Aseem Kumar Anshu,, Trupti Tayalkar, Anita Rani, Vineet Kumar, Hamendra Singh Parmar

Changes in the embryonic protein profile and hatching as a response to thermal stress in the Eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini

Punyavathi, Koushik Hullahalli Kumar, Sentimenla Moatemjen, Likhith Gowda Mahadevegowda, Manjunatha Hosaholalu Boregowda

Bioactivity prediction and molecular docking of phytocompounds from Drynaria quercifolia against osteoarthritis receptors

Raja Lakshman Raj, Giridharan Bupesh, Vaidya Gayatri, Pandiyan Tamizharasi

Evaluation of common wastewaters on the growth of alga Spirulina

Tassnapa Wongsnansilp, Wikit Phinrub

Characterization of the crude extract of Portulaca oleracea and the determination of the polyphenol oxidase kinetics in the presence of Cu and Zn

Omar Mohammad Atrooz, Shada Zaher Al-Maitah

Investigation on the antifungal activity of Aspergillus giganteus in different culture conditions

S. Karthiga, R. Ramya, K. Ramya, S. Jothinayaki, D. Kavitha

Optimization of active antioxidative defatted Canarium indicum L. (Canary) protein hydrolysate production

Cintya Nurul Apsari,, Ilma Nugrahani, Sukrasno, Tutus Gusdinar

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysate derived from the larvae of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.)

Muhammad Yusuf Abduh,, Diah Ayu Prawitasari,, Ula Aulia Fitrian,, Mochamad Firmansyah,

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin a proinflammatory polypeptide necessary for host cell survival in bacterial infection

Nichita Yadav Aare, Pawan Kumar Anoor, Swathi Raju M, N. Srinivas Naik, Sandeepta Burgula

Overview of refolding methods on misfolded recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies

Ahmad Nabiel, Yosua Yosua, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Iman Permana Maksum

Dexras1: A human G protein subcloning, expression, and purification optimization and prediction of its structural determinants

Rashmi Verma, Ashish Thapliyal, Navin Kumar

Production of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in Escherichia coli and its characterization

Vaishali Verma, Abhishek

System biology study on MtrAB protein-protein interaction network of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Akash Tripathi Satsangi, Rupesh Kumar, Saurabh Kumar Jha, Arun Prasad Chopra, Shazia Haider

Antimicrobial potential of Indian cooperative spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum, and Golden orb spider, Nephila pilipes hemolymph against pathogenic bacteria

Dhanapal Sangavi, Padur Sankaranarayanan Anisha, Douglas J. H. Shyu, Parthasarathy Thiruchenthil Nathan

Ascorbic acid and calcium chloride modulate protein profile and metabolites to adapt Indian almond seedlings to heat stress

Neven A. Abdullah, Haider S. Sh. AL-Jabir, Hussein J. Shareef

Computational analysis of differential gene expression in rice during abiotic stress

Shivani Devi, Yogeeta Goyal, Mansi Malik, Navjot Kaur, Yamini Sangar, Kashmir Singh, Ruchi Sachdeva

Role of DREB genes in the regulation of salt stress-mediated defense responses in plants

Ashokkumar Ramakrishnan Yadav, Vaishnavi Ashokkumar, Suganthi Muthusamy, Senthilkumar Palanisamy

Traditional cereal-based cuisines from Himachal Pradesh Palampur region and their nutritional profile

Rekha Sharma,, Kalpna Thakur, Monika Kalia, Sonika Kalia,, Divyesh Suvedi

Combinatorial network of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Rupesh Kumar, Pammi Gauba, Shazia Haider

Optimization strategy for purification and isolation of active lectin from Colocasia esculenta L. Schott rhizome

Yesi Desmiaty, Chaidir Chaidir,, Ariefta Vera Utami, Fauzia Noprima Okta, Gumilar Adhi Nugroho

Influence of synthetic chelators and LMWOAs on the yield and quality attributes of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poales: Poaceae) in chromium phytoextraction

P. A. Shahidha, A. Bharani, G. K. Dinesh, M. Maheswari, T. Kalaiselvi, E. Kokiladevi

Variability in Indian wheat germplasm for important quality and physiological traits

Sabhyata Sabhyata,, Arun Gupta, Diwakar Aggarwal, Ratan Tiwari, Ruchika Sharma, Ankush Kumar, Gyanendra Singh

Expression and characterization of global consensus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of four dengue virus serotypes in Escherichia coli

Nguyen Le Cu, Luong Ngoc Nguyen, Chung Van Huynh, Tuan Van Le, Anh Nguyen Tuan Tran, Dat Tuan Dang

Optimization of Bacillus subtilis PW12 biomass production using RSM: a preliminary study towards single-cell protein production for aquaculture

Merin Gracious, S Nandakumar

Selection of new recombinant inbred lines and dual-purpose cowpea genotypes based on total protein and its fractions, amino acids, and nutritional quality

Hamsatou Soumana Hassane,,,, Fatoumata Hama-Ba, Issoufou Amadou, Abdoul-Aziz Saïdou, Abdourahamane Balla, Bassolet Imael Nestor, Parkouda Charles

Spatiotemporal proteome expression during banana fruit development and ripening: elucidation of molecular insights

Subhankar Mohanty, Prashanth Suravajhala, Giridara Kumar Surabhi

Fungal pellets as potential tools to control water pollution: Strategic approach for the pelletization and subsequent microcystin-LR uptake by Mucor hiemalis

Evelyn Balsanoa, Maranda Esterhuizen-Londta, Enamul Hoquec, Stephan Pflugmachera b

Corn (Zea mays L.) growth, nutrient uptake and soil fertility improvement of strongly acidic soil applied with biochar and animal manure

Reuben James Cillo Rollon, Penny Lane Bitoy Malig-on, Perlene Renegado Guindang, Ronald Villamor Dolorito

Study of in vitro activity on glucose uptake of 3T3L1 cells, RIN5f cells, and glycemic index stimulation inhibitory effect of Abutilon indicum (L.) extract

L. Lavanya, V. Veeraraghavan, Renuka Srihari, C. N. Prashantha