Explant-dependent high-frequency micropropagation and comparative plumbagin profiling of in vitro-rooted, field-grown tissue-culture-derived, and natural-source-derived field-grown Plumbago indica
Plumbago indica L. is an important medicinal plant valued for plumbagin, but conventional propagation is limited by poor seed viability and slow multiplication. This study developed an explant-dependent micropropagation protocol and evaluated supporting phytochemical profiles among representative in vitro-rooted plantlets, field-grown tissue-culture-derived plants, and natural-source-derived field-grown plants. Direct regeneration was achieved from shoot-tip and nodal explants; nodal explants produced the highest response (36.70 ± 0.93 shoots/explant) on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l–¹ 6-benzylaminopurine, 1.5 mg l–¹ kinetin, and 0.5 mg l–¹ α-naphthalene acetic acid, while shoot tips produced 24.70 ± 0.65 shoots/explant. Leaf explants produced maximum callus biomass (4.26 ± 0.14 g) and 9.0 ± 0.51 shoots/explant through indirect organogenesis. Regenerated plantlets rooted efficiently, and – 95%–100% survival was observed across nursery-scale acclimatization batches, although exact batch-wise survivor counts were not retained. In representative pooled ethanolic root extracts, the field-grown tissue-culture-derived sample showed the highest total phenolic content (80.50 ± 0.50 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract) and total flavonoid content (24.89 ± 0.27 mg QE/g dry extract), followed by the natural-source-derived field-grown and in vitro-rooted samples. High-performance liquid chromatography -based comparative peak profiling indicated a plumbagin-corresponding peak in all samples, with the field-grown tissue-culture-derived sample showing the highest relative peak response. The protocol supports rapid propagation, conservation, and production of quality planting material of P. indica.
Hegde VK, Kale D, Hegde KK, Penna S, Guldhe A. Explant-dependent high-frequency micropropagation and comparative plumbagin profiling of in vitro-rooted, field-grown tissue-culture-derived, and natural-source-derived field-grown Plumbago indica. J Appl Biol Biotech 2026. Article in Press. http://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2026.316485
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