Effect of phenylalanine application on preventing neck bending and extending vase life in Gerbera jamesonii L.

Tien Thi Thuy Le; Hien Van Pham

doi:10.7324/JABB.2025.243120

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effect of phenylalanine in preventing neck bending and extending the vase life of Gerbera jamesonii L. A two-factor experiment utilized a completely randomized design with 15 treatments, specifically including foliar applications of phenylalanine at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L, with intervals of every 5, 10, and 15 days. After 35 days, agronomic parameters were assessed, including flower diameter, branch circumference, and vase life. In addition, physiological and biochemical analyses were conducted, including flower stem firmness, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose content, and the activity of enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. Results of statistical analysis through Duncan’s test indicated that phenylalanine treatment significantly enhanced flower quality by increasing enzyme activity, particularly phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, leading to higher levels of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin levels. Applications every 5–10 days at phenylalanine concentrations of 150–200 mg/L produced the best results, which included increased flower diameter, firmer stems, and a 10-day vase life extension. These results demonstrate the potential of phenylalanine to improve post-harvest quality in floriculture.

Keyword: Cell wall components Gerbera jamesonii L. Neck bending Phenylalanine Vase life

Citation:

Le TTT, Pham HV. Effect of phenylalanine application on preventing neck bending and extending vase life in Gerbera jamesonii L. J App Biol Biotech. 2025. Online First. http://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2025.243120

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

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1. Perik RR, Razé D, Harkema H, Zhong Y, van Doorn WG. Bending in cut Gerbera jamesonii flowers relates to adverse water relations and lack of stem sclerenchyma development, not to expansion of the stem central cavity or stem elongation. Post Biol Tech 2012;74:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.06.009
2. Kumar R, Ahmed N, Sharma OC, Mahendiran G, Lal S. Screening of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cultivars for quality, vase life and stem bending. Pro Hort 2013;45:317-21.
3. Mohammadi M, Ranjbar ME, Eghlima G. Impact of gibberellic acid and calcium chloride treatments on neck bending prevention and vase life extension of Gerbera cut flowers. J Plant Growt Regul 2024;43:1093-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11164-z
4. Tonooka M, Homma Y, Toyoizumi T, Ichimura K. Stem bending in cut Gerbera under the condition of suppressing bacterial proliferation is associated with the weakening of the stem strength. Sci Hort 2023;319:112153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112153
5. Singh M, Tiwari N. Thidiazuron outpaces 6-benzylamino purine and kinetin in delaying flower senescence in Gladiolus grandiflora by alleviating physiological and biochemical responses. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2021;9:56-62.
6. Tran TT, Hoang TP, Tran HT. Study on the vase life of Chyrsanthemum indicum cultivar Sakura cutting flower. Sci Tech Dev J Nat Sci 2020;4:336-46. https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.829
7. Gerabeygi K, Roein Z, Rezvanipour S. Control of stem bending in cut Gerbera flowers through application of dithiothreitol and thioglycolic acid as wound reaction inhibitors. J Hort Sci Biotech 2021;96:653-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2021.1887768
8. Rao X, Barros J. Modeling lignin biosynthesis: A pathway to renewable chemicals. Trends Plant Sci 2024;29:546-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.011
9. Jalal A, Wang Y, Cai C, Ayaz A, Alabbosh KF, Khan KA, et al. The architecture of adaptive lignin biosynthesis navigating environmental stresses in plants. J Agr Crop Sci 2025;211:e70012. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.70012
10. Rusdianto AS, Amilia W, Sinta VJ. The optimization of cellulose content in tobacco stems (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) with acid extraction method and alkaline extraction method. Int J Food Agri Nat Resor 2021;2:13-9. https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v2i2.28
11. Sadasivam S. Biochemical Methods. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers; 1996.
12. Mehboob N, Asad MJ, Imran M, Gulfraz M, Wattoo FH, Hadri SH, et al. Production of lignin peroxidase by Ganoderma leucidum using solid state fermentation. Afr J Biotech 2011;10:9880-7. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.768
13. Paraschiv G, Ferdes M, Ionescu M, Moiceanu G, Zabava BS, Dinca MN. Laccases-versatile enzymes used to reduce environmental pollution. Energies 2022;15:1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051835
14. Lynch JH, Qian Y, Guo L, Maoz I, Huang XQ, Garcia AS, et al. Modulation of auxin formation by the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway. Nat Chem Biol 2020;16:850-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-020-0519-8
15. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ye D, Xing J, Duan L, Li Z, et al. Ethephon-regulated maize internode elongation associated with modulating auxin and gibberellin signal to alter cell wall biosynthesis and modification. Plant Sci 2020;290:110196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110196
16. Castro-Camba R, Sánchez C, Vidal N, Vielba JM. Plant development and crop yield: The role of gibberellins. Plants 2022;11:2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192650
17. Majumder J, Sharangi AB. Advances in postharvest technology of flowers, medicinal, and aromatic herbs. In: Recent Advances in Postharvest Technologies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2024. p. 247-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65816-7_9
18. Yuan Y, Sheng CL, Pang LH, Lu BR. Bifunctional phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase (PTAL) enhances lignin biosynthesis: Implications in carbon fixation in plants by genetic engineering. Biology (Basel) 2024;13:742. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090742
19. Manzoor A, Bashir MA, Naveed MS, Akhtar MT, Saeed S. Postharvest chemical treatment of physiologically induced stem end blockage improves vase life and water relation of cut flowers. Hort 2024;10:271. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030271
20. Taghizadeh M, Arab MA, Solgi M. Improving morphological and physiological parameters of rose flowers by biofertilizer application in a hydroponic system. Int J Hort Sci Tech 2025;12:101-14.
21. Feduraev P, Riabova A, Skrypnik L, Pungin A, Tokupova E, Maslennikov P, et al. Assessment of the role of PAL in lignin accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the early stage of ontogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:9848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189848
22. Wang H, Zhong H, Zhang F, Zhang C, Zhang S, Zhou X, et al. Identification of grape laccase genes and their potential role in secondary metabolite synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:10574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910574
23. He Z, Olk DC, Tewolde H, Zhang H, Shankle M. Carbohydrate and amino acid profiles of cotton plant biomass products. Agriculture 2019;10:2. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10010002
24. Shi R, Shuford CM, Wang JP, Sun YH, Yang Z, Chen HC, et al. Regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in wood forming tissue of Populus trichocarpa. Planta 2013;238:487-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-1905-1
25. Mamedes-Rodrigues TC, Batista DS, Napoleão TA, Cruz AC, Fortini EA, Nogueira FT, et al. Lignin and cellulose synthesis and antioxidative defense mechanisms are affected by light quality in Brachypodium distachyon. PCTOC 2018;133:1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1356-7

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1. Perik RR, Razé D, Harkema H, Zhong Y, van Doorn WG. Bending in cut Gerbera jamesonii flowers relates to adverse water relations and lack of stem sclerenchyma development, not to expansion of the stem central cavity or stem elongation. Post Biol Tech 2012;74:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.06.009

2. Kumar R, Ahmed N, Sharma OC, Mahendiran G, Lal S. Screening of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cultivars for quality, vase life and stem bending. Pro Hort 2013;45:317-21.

3. Mohammadi M, Ranjbar ME, Eghlima G. Impact of gibberellic acid and calcium chloride treatments on neck bending prevention and vase life extension of Gerbera cut flowers. J Plant Growt Regul 2024;43:1093-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11164-z

4. Tonooka M, Homma Y, Toyoizumi T, Ichimura K. Stem bending in cut Gerbera under the condition of suppressing bacterial proliferation is associated with the weakening of the stem strength. Sci Hort 2023;319:112153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112153

5. Singh M, Tiwari N. Thidiazuron outpaces 6-benzylamino purine and kinetin in delaying flower senescence in Gladiolus grandiflora by alleviating physiological and biochemical responses. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2021;9:56-62.

6. Tran TT, Hoang TP, Tran HT. Study on the vase life of Chyrsanthemum indicum cultivar Sakura cutting flower. Sci Tech Dev J Nat Sci 2020;4:336-46. https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.829

7. Gerabeygi K, Roein Z, Rezvanipour S. Control of stem bending in cut Gerbera flowers through application of dithiothreitol and thioglycolic acid as wound reaction inhibitors. J Hort Sci Biotech 2021;96:653-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2021.1887768

8. Rao X, Barros J. Modeling lignin biosynthesis: A pathway to renewable chemicals. Trends Plant Sci 2024;29:546-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.011

9. Jalal A, Wang Y, Cai C, Ayaz A, Alabbosh KF, Khan KA, et al. The architecture of adaptive lignin biosynthesis navigating environmental stresses in plants. J Agr Crop Sci 2025;211:e70012. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.70012

10. Rusdianto AS, Amilia W, Sinta VJ. The optimization of cellulose content in tobacco stems (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) with acid extraction method and alkaline extraction method. Int J Food Agri Nat Resor 2021;2:13-9. https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v2i2.28

11. Sadasivam S. Biochemical Methods. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers; 1996.

12. Mehboob N, Asad MJ, Imran M, Gulfraz M, Wattoo FH, Hadri SH, et al. Production of lignin peroxidase by Ganoderma leucidum using solid state fermentation. Afr J Biotech 2011;10:9880-7. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.768

13. Paraschiv G, Ferdes M, Ionescu M, Moiceanu G, Zabava BS, Dinca MN. Laccases-versatile enzymes used to reduce environmental pollution. Energies 2022;15:1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051835

14. Lynch JH, Qian Y, Guo L, Maoz I, Huang XQ, Garcia AS, et al. Modulation of auxin formation by the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway. Nat Chem Biol 2020;16:850-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-020-0519-8

15. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ye D, Xing J, Duan L, Li Z, et al. Ethephon-regulated maize internode elongation associated with modulating auxin and gibberellin signal to alter cell wall biosynthesis and modification. Plant Sci 2020;290:110196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110196

16. Castro-Camba R, Sánchez C, Vidal N, Vielba JM. Plant development and crop yield: The role of gibberellins. Plants 2022;11:2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192650

17. Majumder J, Sharangi AB. Advances in postharvest technology of flowers, medicinal, and aromatic herbs. In: Recent Advances in Postharvest Technologies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2024. p. 247-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65816-7_9

18. Yuan Y, Sheng CL, Pang LH, Lu BR. Bifunctional phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase (PTAL) enhances lignin biosynthesis: Implications in carbon fixation in plants by genetic engineering. Biology (Basel) 2024;13:742. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090742

19. Manzoor A, Bashir MA, Naveed MS, Akhtar MT, Saeed S. Postharvest chemical treatment of physiologically induced stem end blockage improves vase life and water relation of cut flowers. Hort 2024;10:271. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030271

20. Taghizadeh M, Arab MA, Solgi M. Improving morphological and physiological parameters of rose flowers by biofertilizer application in a hydroponic system. Int J Hort Sci Tech 2025;12:101-14.

21. Feduraev P, Riabova A, Skrypnik L, Pungin A, Tokupova E, Maslennikov P, et al. Assessment of the role of PAL in lignin accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the early stage of ontogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:9848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189848

22. Wang H, Zhong H, Zhang F, Zhang C, Zhang S, Zhou X, et al. Identification of grape laccase genes and their potential role in secondary metabolite synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:10574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910574

23. He Z, Olk DC, Tewolde H, Zhang H, Shankle M. Carbohydrate and amino acid profiles of cotton plant biomass products. Agriculture 2019;10:2. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10010002

24. Shi R, Shuford CM, Wang JP, Sun YH, Yang Z, Chen HC, et al. Regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in wood forming tissue of Populus trichocarpa. Planta 2013;238:487-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-1905-1

25. Mamedes-Rodrigues TC, Batista DS, Napoleão TA, Cruz AC, Fortini EA, Nogueira FT, et al. Lignin and cellulose synthesis and antioxidative defense mechanisms are affected by light quality in Brachypodium distachyon. PCTOC 2018;133:1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1356-7