Research Article | Volume: 5, Issue: 3, May-June, 2017
Morphological and Elemental analysis of the effluent of Lead-acid battery manufacturing
Excessive release of Lead (Pb) contaminated effluent into the water bodies become the lead poisonous. This waste water is the main source for the transfer of Lead (Pb) into the living organisms. Lead (Pb) is a poisonous heavy metal that accumulates in the tissues of organisms when it is taken excessively through drinking water. This bioaccumulation disturbs functional activity of the tissues in living organisms. In this research the morphology of the lead (Pb) compound precipitate powder was analyzed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). This precipitate was also analyzed for the elemental composition using Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), which is coupled with SEM. From the EDX results, Weight and Atomic percentages of Lead (Pb) in the precipitate were 62.81 and 13.05 respectively in spectrum 1 and 69.32 and 17.51 respectively in the spectrum 2. And also the concentration of lead (Pb) was determined as 1.21 mg/L using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Temperature, pH, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and turbidity of the effluent were also measured as 14 °C, 2.34, 448 mg/L, 173 mg/L and 163.4 NTU respectively.
Korrapati N, Saroj P, Gaur N. Morphological and Elemental analysis of the effluent of Lead acid battery manufacturing. J App Biol Biotech. 2017; 5 (03): 052-056. DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2017.50309
1. Liao, Dexiang, Wei Zheng, Xiaoming Li, Qi Yang, Xiu Yue, Liang Guo, and Guangming Zeng. Removal of lead (II) from aqueous solutions using carbonate hydroxyapatite extracted from eggshell waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 172(1): 126-130.
2. Mahmoud, Mohamed E., Maher M. Osman, Osama F. Hafez, Abdelrahman H. Hegazi, and Essam Elmelegy. Removal and preconcentration of lead (II) and other heavy metals from water by alumina adsorbents developed by surface-adsorbed-dithizone. Desalination. 2010; 251(1): 123-130.
3. Naiya, Tarun Kumar, Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya, and Sudip Kumar Das. Adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) from aqueous solutions on activated alumina.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2009; 333(1):14-26.
4. Wang, Li, Jian Zhang, Ran Zhao, Ye Li, Cong Li, and Chenglu Zhang. Adsorption of Pb (II) on activated carbon prepared from Polygonum orientale Linn.: kinetics, isotherms, pH, and ionic strength studies. Bioresource technology. 2010; 101(1); 5808-5814.
5. Sarı, Ahmet, and Mustafa Tuzen. Biosorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by red algae (Ceramium virgatum): equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Journal of hazardous materials. 2008; 157(2): 448-454.
6. Apiratikul, Ronbanchob, Taha F. Marhaba, Suraphong Wattanachira, and Prasert Pavasant. Biosorption of binary mixtures of heavy metals by green macro alga, Caulerpa lentillifera. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004; 26(2): 199-207.
7. El-Sayed, M. Soltan, M. Mohamed Rehab, and A. Shoreit Ahmed. Behavioral response of resistant and sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa S22 isolated from Sohag Governorate, Egypt to cadmium stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008; 7(14): 1-7.
8. Jung, C. H., T. Matsuto, N. Tanaka, and T. Okada. Metal distribution in incineration residues of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Japan. Waste Management. 2004; 24(4): 381-391.
9. Poikolainen, J., E. Kubin, J. Piispanen, and J. Karhu. Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Finland during 1985–2000 using mosses as bioindicators.Science of the Total Environment. 2004; 318(1): 171-185.
10. Malik, Anushree. Metal bioremediation through growing cells. Environment international. 2004; 30(2): 261-278.
11. Coral, Mutlu Nisa UNALDI, Hatice Korkmaz, Burhan Arikan, and Gökhan Coral. Plasmid mediated heavy metal resistances in Enterobacter spp. isolated from Sofulu landfill, in Adana, Turkey. Annals of microbiology. 2005; 55(3): 175.
12. Murthy, Shruti, Geetha Bali, and S. K. Sarangi. Effect of lead on growth, protein and biosorption capacity of Bacillus cereus isolated from industrial effluent. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2014; 35(2): 407-411.
13. Rathnayake, Ileperumaarachchige, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Nanthi Bolan, and Ravi Naidu. Tolerance of heavy metals by gram positive soil bacteria. PhD diss., World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology, 2009.
14. Cervantes, Carlos, Jesús Campos-García, Silvia Devars, Félix Gutiérrez-Corona, Herminia Loza-Tavera, Juan Carlos Torres-Guzmán, and Rafael Moreno-Sánchez. Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants.FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2001; 25(2): 335-347.
15. Fritsche, W. Environmental microbiology. Principles and applications. Umwelt-Mikrobiologie. Grundlagen und Anwendungen. 1998.
16. Ledin, Maria. Accumulation of metals by microorganisms—processes and importance for soil systems. Earth-Science Reviews. 2000; 51(1): 1-31.
17. Lanphear, Bruce P., Richard Hornung, Jane Khoury, Kimberly Yolton, Peter Baghurst, David C. Bellinger, Richard L. Canfield et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environmental health perspectives. 2005; 894-899.
18. http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/perspect/lead accessed on 22/01/2016
19. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2012.
20. http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/3015a.pdf accessed on 22/01/2016
21. IS 10500 (1992) Drinking water specifications hppcb.nic.in/EIAsorang/Spec.pdf accessed on 30/01/2016
22. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/ accessed on 22/01/2016
23. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/GDWAN4rev1and2.pdf?ua=1accessed on 30/01/2016
24. http://www.rsic.iitb.ac.in/Icp-Aes.html accessed on 12/01/2016
25. Espinoza, E., R. Escudero, and F. J. Tavera. Waste Water Treatment by Precipitating Copper, Lead and Nickel Species. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, ISSN 2277. 2012; 2502.
26. Kazi, Tasneem Gul, Faheem Shah, Hassan Imran Afridi, Sumaira Khan, Sadaf Sadia Arian, and Kapil Dev Brahman. A green
preconcentration method for determination of cobalt and lead in fresh surface and waste water samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry 2012 (2012) doi:10.1155/2012/713862.
27. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/bioindicators/upload/2007_07_10_methods_method_200_7.pdf accessed 30/01/2016
28. http://www.4oakton.com/SellSheets/35419-00.pdf accessed on 12/01/2016
29. Adachi, Kouji, and Peter R. Buseck. Hosted and free-floating metal-bearing atmospheric nanoparticles in Mexico City. Environmental science & technology. 2010; 44(7): 2299-2304.
30. Li, W. J., L. Y. Shao, and P. R. Buseck. Haze types in Beijing and the influence of agricultural biomass burning. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2010; 10(17): 8119-8130.
31. Lu, Sen-lin, Long-yi Shao, Ming-hong Wu, and Zheng Jiao. Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM 10. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2006; 18(1): 90-95.
32. Shi, Zongbo, Longyi Shao, Timothy Peter Jones, A. G. Whittaker, Senlin Lu, Kelly Ann Berube, Taoe He, and Roy John Richards. Characterization of airborne individual particles collected in an urban area, a satellite city and a clean air area in Beijing, 2001. Atmospheric environment. 2003; 37(29): 4097-4108.
33. Li, Weijun, Longyi Shao, Zhishi Wang, Rongrong Shen, Shusheng Yang, and Uwa Tang. Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2010; 22(4): 561-569.
34. Bérubé, K. A., T. P. Jones, B. J. Williamson, C. Winters, A. J. Morgan, and R. J. Richards. Physicochemical characterisation of diesel exhaust particles: Factors for assessing biological activity. Atmospheric Environment. 1999; 33(10): 1599-1614.
Year
Month