Research Article | Volume: 5, Issue: 2, March-April, 2017
Knock down efficacy of commercially available insecticides against Anopheles gambiae
Knockdown efficacy of commercial aerosol insecticides against laboratory reared Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain mosquitoes and suppression of indoor resting density of A. gambiae complex mosquitoes in the field were investigated in the study. Laboratory reared 2-5 days old female A. gambiae mosquitoes were released into Peet-Grady chambers, sprayed with 0.3±0.1g of insecticides. Knock down rates were observed for one hour and mortality rates after 24hrs of spraying. Field efficacy studies were carried out by spraying houses with near uniform indoor resting densities of A. gambiae complex mosquitoes with aerosol insecticides and mosquitoes collected. Morphological and molecular characterization of mosquitoes was done. Probit analysis on knock down rates was carried out. Mortality rates and Mean indoor resting densities were compared using ANOVA in SPSS version 16. The KT50 and KT95 of Kenyan Baygon® and Kenyan raid® differed significantly with the other insecticides. Nigerian Baygon® achieved the lowest mortality rate of 87% and differed significantly (P<0.05) with other insecticides. No significant differences in suppression of indoor resting densities of A. gambiae complex mosquitoes was observed (p>0.05). Collected A. gambiae complex mosquitoes corresponded to A. arabiensis. The low knock down values by Kenyan Baygon®, Kenyan raid® and the low mortality rate by Nigerian Baygon® can be attributed to reduced efficacy rather than development of resistance. Whether the low deterrence of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes into houses is due to development of pyrethroid insecticide resistance can be authenticated in another study.
Makworo NK, Ochieng VO, Ogoyi DO, Mukabana RW. Knock down efficacy of commercially available insecticides against Anopheles gambiae. J App Biol Biotech. 2017; 5 (02): 077-084. DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2017.50212
10. REFERENCES
1. Global Malaria Report. World Health Organization Geneva. 2012
2. Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI:The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2005; 434:214-217.
3. Longhorne J: Immunology and Immunopathogenesis of Malaria. London NW7 1AA : The Ridgeways, Mill Hill: National Institute for Medical Research. 2005.
4. CDPH: Vector-borne disease section annual report. California Department of Public Health 2011.
5. Pemba D & Kadangwe C: Mosquito control Aerosol’s efficacy based on pyrethroids constituents. Insecticides-Advances in integrated Pest management. 2012; 26:601-612.
6. CDPH: Operational plan for emergency response to mosquito-borne disease. California Department of Public Health 2013
7. Gillies MT & DeMeillon B: The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research.1968. No. 54.
8. Coetzee M, Hunt RH., Wilkerson R, della torre A, Culibaly MB., Besansky NJ: Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Zootaxa 2013; 3619 (3): 246-273.
9. Gillies MT & Coetzee M: A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research. 1987p. No. 55.
10. Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Fettene M: The Anopheles gambiae complex: a new species from Ethiopia. Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998; 92: 231-235. .
11. Lengeler C :Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004 CD000363.
12. WHO: Guidelines for efficacy testing of household insecticide products. World Health Organization Geneva 2009
13. Hargreaves K, Koekemoer LL, Brooke B, Hunt RH, Mthembu J, Coetzee M: Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroids insecticides in South Africa. Journal of Med Entomology. 2000;14:181-9.
14. N'Guessan R, Corbet V, Akogbeto M, Rowland M: Reduced efficacy of Insecticide-treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying for malaria Control in Pyrethroid resistance area, Beni. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(2).
15. Kelly-Hope L, Ranson H, Hemingway J: Lessons from the past: managing insecticide resistance in malaria control and eradication programmes. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2008, 8:387-398.
16. Matowo J, Kulkarni M A, Mosha FW, Oxborough RM, Kitau JA, Tenu F, Rowland M: Biochemical basis of permethrin resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Lower Moshi, northeastern, Tanzania. Malaria Journal. 2010; 9:193.
17. Zairi J & LeeYW: Laboratory and field evaluation of household insecticide products and public health insecticides against vector mosquitoes and house flies. Malaysia : Perniagaan Ph'ng@ P&Y Design Network. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests Malaysia. 2005; 478-482.
18. Khadri MS, Kwok KL, Noor MI, Lee HL: Efficacy of commercial household insecticide aerosol sprays against Aedes aegypti (Linn) under simulated field conditions. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health. 2009; 40(6): 1226-34.
19. Seccacini E, Masuh H, Licastro AS, Zerba NE: Laboratory and scaled up evaluation of cis¬-permethrin applied as ultra low volume formulation against Aedes aegypti. Acta Tropica. 2005; 97 1-4.
20. WHO: Manua on practical entomology part II. World Health Organization Geneva. 1975.
21. Livak K: Organization and mapping of a sequence on the Drosophila melanogaster X and Y chromosomes that is transcribed during spermatogenesis . Genetics. 1984; 107:611-634.
22. Collins FH, Finnerty V, Petrarca V: Ribosomal DNA probes differentiate five cryptic species in the Anopheles gambie complex. Parassitologia. 1988; 30:231-240.
23. Townson H, Harbach R, CallanT : DNA identification of museum specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex:an eavaluation of PCR as a tool for resolving the formal taxonomy of sibling species complexes. Systematic Entomology. 1999; 24, 95-100..
24. Scott JA, Brogon WG, Collins FH: Identification of single specimen of the Anopheles gambiae complex by polymerase chain reaction. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993; 49: 520-529.
25. Wilkins EE, Howell PI, Benedict MQ: IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis. Malaria Journal. 2006; 5:125
26. WHO: Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes. World Health Organization Geneva. 2013.
27. Elissa N, Mouchet J, Riviere F, Meunier JY, Yao K: Resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. to pyrethroids in Co Te d'Ivoire. Anneles de la Societe. Belge de Medecine Tropicale. 1993; 73: 291-294.
28. Chandre F, Darrier F, Manga L, Akogbeto M, Faye O, Mouchet J: Status of Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Bulletin of WHO. 1999; 77:230-4.
29. Vulule JM, Beach RF, Atieli, Roberts JM, Mount DL, Mwangi RW. Reduced susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains in Kenya. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1993; 8:1-75
30. Chen H, Githeko A.K, Githure JI, Mutunga J, Zhou G, Yan G: Monooxygenase Levels and Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele Frequencies in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis in Kenya. Journal of Medical. Entomology. 2008; 45(2) 242-250.
31. Kamau L, Agai D, Matoke D, Wachira L, Gikandi G, Vulule JM: Status of insecticide susceptibility in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes from western Kenya. Journal of Insect Science. 2008; 8(11).
32. Rivero J, Erdaneta L, Zoghbi N, Pemalete M, Rubio-palis Y, Herrera F: Optimization of extraction procedure for mosquito DNA suitable for PCR-based techniques. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 2004; 24(3) 266-269.
33. Zahar AR: Vector bionomics in the epidemiology and control of malaria. Part 1. TheWHOAfrican Region and the southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Geneva: World Health Organization mimeographed documents. 1985; VBC/85.3.
34. Stump AD, Atieli FK, Vulule JM, Besansky NJ: Dynamics of the pyrethroids knockdown resistance allele in western Kenyan populations of A. gambiae in response to insecticide-treated bed net trials. American Journal of medicine and Hygiene. 2004; 70(6 ) 591-596 .
35. Vulule MJ &Kamau L: Status of insecticide susceptibility in Anopheles arabiensis from mwea rice irrigation scheme, central Kenya. Malaria Journal. 2006; 5:46.
36. Muturi JM, Kim HC, Baliraine NF, Musami S, Jacob B, Githure J, Novak JR: Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera:Culicidae) in a rice growing area of central Kenya. Journal of Med Entomology. 2010; 47(2)144-151.
Year
Month