Chitosan and β-amino butyric acid up-regulates transcripts of resistance gene analog RGPM213 in pearl millet to infection by downy mildew pathogen

P. Ranjini; Melvin Prasad; J. Samanth Kumar; Shailasree Sekhar; Devaraju Kesagodu; H. Shekar Shetty; K. Ramachandra Kini

doi:10.7324/JABB.2016.40501

Abstract

Plants are hosts to a diverse group of pathogens belonging to different kingdoms of life. In absence of active immune system, plants have evolved several layers of defense to combat individual pathogen strain and evolving pathogen populations. Management of various plant pathogen infections necessitates the use of multiple resistance (R) genes, which requires efficient and accurate practices for identification, isolation and characterization of R genes. This knowledge helps to probe R gene(s) in a host plant and sort out their functional redundancy and specificity. Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is highly nutritive, summer-annual forage crop, drought tolerant cereal, staple food crop of the semi-arid tropics but is highly susceptible to the downy mildew disease caused by oomycetous Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) schroet. Earlier studies have identified several resistance gene analogues (RGAs) in pearl millet which may be involved in resistance against downy mildew. Of these, a clone RGPM213 was shown to encode resistant protein having serine threonine kinase domain and its transcript was upregulated following S. graminicola infection and β-amino butyric acid an abiotic inducer treatment. Here we have shown the accumulation of transcripts of RGPM 213 in pearl millet during treatment with Chitosan, a chitin derivative, a known inducer of plant defense which is completely safe, characterized by unique properties, like bioactivity and biocompatibility.

Keyword: Resistance gene analog (RGA)Pearl millet RT-PCR Transcript Plant defense.

Citation:

Ranjini P, Prasad M, Kumar JS, Sekhar S, Kesagodu D, Shetty HS, Kini KR. Chitosan and β-amino butyric acid up-regulates transcripts of resistance gene analog RGPM213 in pearl millet to infection by downy mildew pathogen. J App Biol Biotech. 2016; 4 (05): 001-006. doi: 10.7324/JABB.2016.40501

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

Reference

1. Marone D, Russo MA, Laidò G, De Leonardis AM, Mastrangelo AM. Plant Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine-Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR) Genes: Active Guardians in Host Defense Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013; 14: 7302-7326.

2. Kruijit M, De kock M, Dewit P. Receptor like proteins involved in plant disease resistance. Mol Plant Pathol. 2005; 6: 85-97.

3. Leister D, Ballovora A, Salamini F, Gebhardt C. A PCR-based approach for isolating pathogen resistance genes from potato with potential for wide application in plants. Nat Genet. 1996; 14:421-429.

4. Kanazin V, Mareck L, Shoemaker R. Resistance gene analogs are conserved and clustered in soybean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93:11746-11750.

5. Song WY, Pi LY, Wang GL, Gardner J, Holsten T. Evolution of the rice Xa21 disease resistance gene family. Plant Cell. 1997; .9:1279-1287.

6. Aarts N, Metz M, Holub E, Staskawicz BJ, Daniels MJ, Parker JE. Different requirements for EDS1 and NDR1 by disease resistance genes define at least two R gene-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:10306-10311.

7. Shen K, Meyers B, Islam-Faridi M, Chin D, Stelly D, Michelmore R. Resistance gene candidates identified by PCR with degenerate oligonucleotide primers Map to clusters of resistance genes in lettuce. Mol Plant Microbe In. 1998; 11:815-823.

8. Rivkin M, Vallejos C, McClean P. Disease-resistance related sequences in common bean. Genome. 1999; 42:41-47.

9. Ferrier-Cana E, Geffroy V, Macadre C, Creusot F, Imbert-Bollore P, Sevignac M, Langin T. Characterization of expressed NBS-LRR resistance gene candidates from common bean. Theor Appl Genet. 2003; 106:251-261.

10. He LM, Du CG, Covaleda L, Xu ZY, Robinson AF, Yu JZ, Kohel RJ, Zhang HB. Cloning, characterization, and evolution of the NBS-LRR encoding resistance gene analogue family in polyploidy cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). Mol Plant Microbe In. 2003; 17:1234-1241.

11. Zhu Q, Bennetzen JL., Smith SM. Isolation and diversity analysis of resistance gene homologues from switchgrass. Gen Soc America. 2013; 3:1031-42.

12. Backiyarani S., Uma S., Arunkumar G., Saraswathi MS and. Sundararaju P. Cloning and characterization of NBS-LRR resistance gene analogues of Musa spp. and their expression profiling studies against Pratylenchus coffeae. Afr Jour Biotech. 2013; 12:4256-4268.

13. Wan, H.; Yuan, W.; Bo, K.; Shen, J.; Pang, X.; Chen, J. Genome-wide analysis of NBS-encoding disease resistance in Cucumis sativus and phylogenetic study of NBS-encoding genes in Cucurbitaceae crops. BMC Genomics. 2013; 14: 109.

14. Ramadevi, Vijayakumar S, Venkateswara R K, Dashavantha R V. Transgenic Pearl millet male fertility restorer line (ICMP451) and hybrid (ICMH451) expressing brassica juncea nonexpressor of pathogenesis related genes 1 (BjNPR1) exhibit resistance to downy mildew disease. Plant Sci. 2014; 9(3):1-10.

15. Ranjini P, Shailasree S, Kini RK and Shetty HS. Isolation and characterization of NBS-LRR resistance gene analog from pearl millet. APPP. 2011; 44:1013-1023.

16. Ranjini P, Shailasree S, Kini RK and Shetty HS. Transcripts of resistance gene candidates accumulate in pearl millet as a response to infection by Sclerospora graminicola. JMPP. 2006; 36:411-414.

17. Manjunath G, Roopa KS, Geetha NP, Shetty HS. Chitosan enhances disease resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola and defense- related enzyme activation. Pest Manag Sci. 2008; 1250-1257.

18. Shailasree S, Sarosh BR, Vasanthi NS, Shetty HS. Seed treatment with ï¢-amino butyric acid protects Pennisetum glaucum systemically from Sclerospora graminicola. Pest Manag Sci. 2001; 57:721-728.

19. Safeeulla KM. Biology and Control of the Downy Mildews of Pearl Millet, Sorghum and Finger Millet. (Wesley Press: Mysore). 1976. pp 304.

20. Chomzynski P, Sacchi N. Single step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocynate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987; 162:156-159.

21. Prestamo PT, Vicente O, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Coronado M, Wilson C, Heberle-Bors E, Risueno M. Ultrastructural distribution of a MAP kinase and transcripts in quiescent and cycling plant cells and pollen grains. J Cell Sci. 1999; 112:1065-1076.

22. Shivakumar P, Vasanthi N, Shetty H, Petersen VS. Ribonucleases in the seedlings of pearl millet and their involvement in resistance againstdowny mildew disease. Eur J Plant Pathol. 2000; 106:825-836.

23. Shailasree S, Kini R, Shetty H. Beta-amino butyric acid induced resistance in pearl millet to downy mildew is associated with accumulation of defense-related proteins. Australas Plant Pathol. 2007; 36:204-211.

24. Geetha H, Shetty H. Induction of resistance in pearl millet against downymildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola using benzothiadiazole, calcium chloride and hydrogen peroxide - a comparative evaluation, Crop Prot. 2002; 21: 601-610.

25. Melvin P, Prabhu SA, Anup CP, Shailasree S, Shetty HS, Kini KR. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in pearl millet-downy mildew interaction. Plant Sci. 2014; 214:29-37.

26. Radwan O, Mouzeyar S, Nicolas, Bouzidi F. Induction of a sunflower CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene analogue during incompatible interaction with Plasmopara halstedii. J Expt Bot. 2005; 56: 567-575.

27. Hadrami E, A, Adam LR, Hadrami IE, Daayf F. Chitosan in plant protection. Marine Drugs. 2010; 8: 968-987.

28. Roller S and Covill N. The antifungal properties of chitosan in laboratory media and apple juice. Int Food Microb. 1999; 47:67-77.

29. Rhoades J and Roller S. Antimicrobial action of degraded and native chitosan against spoilage organisms in laboratory media and foods. Appl Environ Microb. 2000; 66:80-86.

30. Dias AMA, Cortez AR, Barsan MM, Santos JB, Brett CMA, De Sousa HC. Development of greener multi-responsive chitosan biomaterials doped with biocompatible ammonium ionic liquids. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng. 2013; 1: 1480-1492.

31. Mondal MMA, Malek MA, Puteh AB, Ismail MR, Ashrafuzzaman M, Naher L. Effect of foliar application of chitosan on growth and yield in okra. Aust J Crop 2012; 6: 918-921.

32. Dzung NA, Khanh VTP, Dzung TT. Research on impact of chitosan oligomers on biophysical characteristics, growth, development and drought resistance of coffee. Carbohydr Polym. 2011; 84: 751-755.

33. Al-Hetar MY, Zainal Abidin MA, Sariah M, Wong MY. Antifungal activity of chitosan against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011; 120: 2434-2439.

34. Lizarraga-Pauli EG, Torres-Pacheco I, Moreno-Martinez E, Miranda-Castro SP. Chitosan application in maize (Zea mays) to counteract the effects of abiotic stress at seedling level. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011; 10: 6439-6446.

35. Jabeen N, Ahmad R. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to salt stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings raised from seed treated with chitosan. J Sci Food Agr 2013; 93: 1699-1705.

36. Prabhu S, Wagenknecht M, Melvin P, Gnanesh Kumar BS, Veena M, Shailasree S, Moerschbacher BM, Ramachandra Kini K. Immuno-affinity purification of PglPGIP1, a polygalacturonaseinhibitor protein from pearl millet: studies on its inhibition of fungal polygalacturonases and role in resistance against the downy mildew pathogen. Mol Biol Rep. 2015; 42:1123-1138.

37. Di C-X, Li M, Long F. Molecular cloning, functional analysis and localization of a novel gene encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein in Chorispora bungeana. Planta. 2009; 231:169-178.

38. Devoto A, Clark A, Nuss L. Developmental and pathogen-induced accumulation of transcripts of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 1997; 202:284-292.

39. Bergmann C, Ito Y, Singer D. Polygalacturonaseinhibiting protein accumulates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. in response to wounding, elicitors and fungal infection. Plant J 1994; 5:625-634.

40. Sharathchandra RG, Niranjan Raj S, Shetty NP, Amruthesh KN and Shetty HS. A Chitosan formulation Elexa™ induces downy mildew disease resistance and growth promotion in pearl millet. Crop prot. 2004; 23(10) 881-888.

41. Sharada M, Shetty S, Shetty H. Infection process of Sclerospora graminicola on Pennisetum glaucum lines resistant and susceptible to downy mildew. Mycol Res. 1995;99:317-322.

Abstract

HTML Full Text

Reference

Article Metrics

Related Search

Citiaion Alert By Google Scholar

Similar Articles