Boosting agronomic traits and enhancing water use efficiency in rice lines incorporated with qDTY3.1 and qDTY2.1

Vignesh Palani; Sunitha Selvaraj; Karthika Muthuswamy; Bharathkumar Srinivasan; Selvaraj Jagannathan; Maghimaa Mathanmohun

doi:10.7324/JABB.2025.208148

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Abstract

Continuously rising global temperature enhances drought stress in rain-fed low and upland areas by depleting the water level from the soil surface and plants by increasing the temperature of surface air. By this, seed formation is disturbed at the time of fertilization due to lack of enough water during flowering. Hence, the rate of grain yielding decreases significantly in drought susceptible rice genotypes. This study is to explore a rice variety ADT37 which is widely cultivated in the southern part of India incorporated with qDTY3.1 and qDTY2.1 linked with higher/ constant grain yield were evaluated under nonflooding conditions at field level during Rabi season of 2023–24 in Kandaswami Kandar’s College campus, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu. Here, rice lines with an increased number of fertile seeds are linked with a higher growth rate of plant height, root length, flag leaf length and width, number of tillers, and total plant biomass but not with panicle length, dry weight of panicle, total number of seed, 1,000 seed weight, seed length, and width. Thus, improved rice lines showed an increased grain yield of up to 36.4% over the parental line under nonflooding conditions. It reveals that the incorporated quantitative trait locus based on the selection of rice lines with positive and higher heterosis adapted to the genome of ADT37 rice variety and it is expressed well through many agronomic traits in order to increase the grain yields under nonflooding conditions. This variety having water use efficiency would be used under water-limited conditions following further evaluation.

Keyword: Drought stress grain yield agronomic characters nonflooding water use efficiency

Citation:

Palani V, Selvaraj S, Muthuswamy K, Srinivasan B, Jagannathan S, Mathanmohun M. Boosting agronomic traits and enhancing water use efficiency in rice lines incorporated with qDTY3.1 and qDTY2.1. J Appl Biol Biotech. 2024. Online First. http://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2025.208148

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

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Reference

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2. Gu D, Andreev K, Dupre ME. Major trends in population growth around the world. China CDC Weekly 2021 Jul 7;3(28):604. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.160
3. Wilson CA, Mitchell JF. A doubled CO2 climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean. J Geophys Res Atmos 1987 Nov 20;92(D11):13315-43. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD11p13315
4. Horie T, Shiraiwa T, Homma K, Katsura K, Maeda S, Yoshida H. Can yields of lowland rice resume the increases that they showed in the 1980s? Plant Prod Sci 2005 Jan 1;8(3):259-74. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.8.259
5. Zhu R, Wu F, Zhou S, Hu T, Huang J, Gao Y. Cumulative effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation on the photosynthetic characteristics of rice. Environ Exp Bot 2020 Jan 1;169:103901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103901
6. Mishra SS, Panda D. Leaf traits and antioxidant defense for drought tolerance during early growth stage in some popular traditional rice landraces from Koraput, India. Rice Sci 2017 Jul 1;24(4):207-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2017.04.001
7. Hussain HA, Hussain S, Khaliq A, Ashraf U, Anjum SA, Men S, et al. Chilling and drought stresses in crop plants: implications, cross talk, and potential management opportunities. Front Plant Sci 2018 Apr 10;9:393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00393
8. Quampah A, Wang RenMing WR, Shamsi IH, Ghulam Jilani GJ, Zhang Qiao ZQ, Hua ShuiJin HS, et al. Improving water productivity by potassium application in various rice genotypes. Int J Agric Biol 2011;13(1):9-17.
9. Shah B, Yadav SP, Shrestha M, Khadka A, Dahal K, Neupane B, et al. Drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.): impact, performance and recent trends. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci 2024;38(1):169-81. https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2024.016
10. Han S, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhu R, Gu Y, Li J, et al. The OsNAC41-RoLe1- OsAGAP module promotes root development and drought tolerance in upland rice. Mol Plant 2024 Sep 2;17(10):1573-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2024.09.002
11. Venuprasad R, Dalid CO, Del Valle M, Zhao D, Espiritu M, Sta Cruz MT, et al. Identification and characterization of large-effect quantitative trait loci for grain yield under lowland drought stress in rice using bulk-segregant analysis. Theor Appl Genet 2009 Dec;120:177-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1168-1
12. Barnabás B, Jäger K, Fehér A. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ 2008 Jan;31(1):11-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x
13. Kumar A, Dixit S, Ram T, Yadaw RB, Mishra KK, Mandal NP. Breeding high-yielding drought-tolerant rice: genetic variations and conventional and molecular approaches. J Exp Bot 2014 Nov 1;65(21):6265-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru363
14. Redona ED, Mackill DJ. Quantitative trait locus analysis for rice panicle and grain characteristics. Theor Appl Genet 1998 May;96:957-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220050826
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16. Sandhu N, Singh A, Dixit S, Sta Cruz MT, Maturan PC, Jain RK, et al. Identification and mapping of stable QTL with main and epistasis effect on rice grain yield under upland drought stress. BMC Genet 2014 Dec;15:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-15-63
17. Sandhu N, Torres RO, Sta Cruz MT, Maturan PC, Jain R, Kumar A, et al. Traits and QTLs for development of dry direct-seeded rainfed rice varieties. J Exp Bot 2015 Jan 1;66(1):225-4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru413
18. Swamy BPM, Ahmed HU, Henry A, Mauleon R, Dixit S, Vikram P, et al. Genetic, physiological, and gene expression analyses reveal that multiple QTL enhance yield of rice mega-variety IR64 under drought. PLoS One 2013 May 8;8(5):e62795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062795
19. Yadaw RB, Dixit S, Raman A, Mishra KK, Vikram P, Swamy BM, et al. A QTL for high grain yield under lowland drought in the background of popular rice variety Sabitri from Nepal. Field Crops Res 2013 Mar 20;144:281-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.01.019
20. Bernier J, Kumar A, Ramaiah V, Spaner D, Atlin G. A large-effect QTL for grain yield under reproductive-stage drought stress in upland rice. Crop Sci 2007 Mar;47(2):507-16; doi: http://doi.org/10.2135/ cropsci2006.07.0495 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0495
21. Dixit S, Swamy BM, Vikram P, Ahmed HU, Sta Cruz MT, Amante M, et al. Fine mapping of QTLs for rice grain yield under drought reveals sub-QTLs conferring a response to variable drought severities. Theor Appl Genet 2012 Jun;125:155-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1823-9
22. Mohd Ikmal A, Noraziyah AA, Wickneswari R, Oyebamiji YO. Sub1 and qDTY 3.1 improved tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines to drought and submergence stresses. Euphytica 2023 Jun;219(6):60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-023-03189-y
23. Ranawake AL, Amarasingha UG, Dahanayake N. Agronomic characters of some traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in Sri Lanka. J Univ Ruhuna 2013 Oct 12;1(1):3-9. https://doi.org/10.4038/jur.v1i1.6150
24. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report for 1975. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, p 29, 2002.
25. Oladosu Y, Rafii MY, Samuel C, Fatai A, Magaji U, Kareem I, et al. Drought resistance in rice from conventional to molecular breeding: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2019 Jul 18;20(14):3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143519
26. Bapela T, Shimelis H, Tsilo TJ, Mathew I. Genetic improvement of wheat for drought tolerance: progress, challenges and opportunities. Plants 2022 May 18;11(10):1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101331
27. Varshney RK, Bohra A, Yu J, Graner A, Zhang Q, Sorrells ME. Designing future crops: genomics-assisted breeding comes of age. Trends Plant Sci 2021 Jun 1;26(6):631-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.010
28. Sandhu N, Jain S, Kumar A, Mehla BS, Jain R. Genetic variation, linkage mapping of QTL and correlation studies for yield, root, and agronomic traits for aerobic adaptation. BMC Genet 2013 Dec;14:1- 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-14-104
29. Sandhu N, Dixit S, Swamy BP, Raman A, Kumar S, Singh SP, et al. Marker assisted breeding to develop multiple stress tolerant varieties for flood and drought prone areas. Rice 2019 Dec;12:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-019-0269-y
30. Dhawan G, Kumar A, Dwivedi P, Gopala Krishnan S, Pal M, Vinod KK, et al. Introgression of qDTY1. 1 governing reproductive stage drought tolerance into an elite basmati rice variety "Pusa Basmati 1" through marker assisted backcross breeding. Agronomy 2021 Jan 21;11(2):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020202
31. Fukai S, Pantuwan G, Jongdee B, Cooper M. Screening for drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Res 1999 Nov 1;64(1- 2):61-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00051-9
32. Kim Y, Chung YS, Lee E, Tripathi P, Heo S, Kim KH. Root response to drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 22;21(4):1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041513
33. Uga Y, Sugimoto K, Ogawa S, Rane J, Ishitani M, Hara N, et al. Control of root system architecture by DEEPER ROOTING 1 increases rice yield under drought conditions. Nat Genet 2013 Sep;45(9):1097-102. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2725
34. Farooq M, Kobayashi N, Wahid A, Ito O, Basra SM. 6 strategies for producing more rice with less water. Adv Agron 2009 Jan 1;101(4):351-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00806-7
35. Kumar S, Tripathi S, Singh SP, Prasad A, Akter F, Syed MA, et al. Rice breeding for yield under drought has selected for longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density. J Exp Bot 2021 Jun 22;72(13):4981-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab160
36. Gupta SD, Singh A, Singh P, Kewat RN. Effect of drought stress on carbohydrate content in drought tolerant and susceptible chickpea genotypes. IJCS 2018;6(2):1674-6.
37. Samynathan R, Krishnan M, Venkidasamy B, Subramanian U, Sankaran S, Thiruvengadam R, et al. Comparative transcriptional analysis of genetically superior tea cultivars provides insights into variations in metabolite profiles and biological activities. Sci Hortic 2024 Aug 1;334:113308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113308
38. Bassuony NN, Hassan HM, El-Hissewy AA. Sensitivity of panicle characters of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to drought stress and their assosiation with grain yield. J Plant Prod 2015 Jun 1;6(6):1047-62. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2015.49828
39. Wu Y, Fang W, Peng W, Jiang M, Chen G, Xiong F. Sucrose transporter in rice. Plant Signal Behav 2021 Nov 2;16(11):1952373. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2021.1952373
40. Gupta A, Rico-Medina A, Caño-Delgado AI. The physiology of plant responses to drought. Science 2020 Apr 17;368(6488):266-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7614
41. Mukamuhirwa A, Persson Hovmalm H, Ortiz R, Nyamangyoku O, Prieto-Linde ML, Ekholm A, et al. Effect of intermittent drought on grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Rwanda. J Agron Crop Sci 2020 Apr;206(2):252-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12380
42. Wei X, Cang B, Yu K, Li W, Tian P, Han X, et al. Physiological characterization of drought responses and screening of rice varieties under dry cultivation. Agronomy 2022 Nov 15;12(11):2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112849
43. Zhong H, Tang W, Li Z, Sonne C, Lam SS, Zhang X, et al. Soil Geobacteraceae are the key predictors of neurotoxic methylmercury bioaccumulation in rice. Nature Food 2024 Apr 11:5:301-11.. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00954-7
44. Bunnag S, Pongthai P. Selection of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars tolerant to drought stress at the vegetative stage under field conditions. Am J Plant Sci 2013 Aug 21;4(09):1701. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.49207
45. Tang W, Bai X, Zhou Y, Sonne C, Wu M, Lam SS, et al. A hidden demethylation pathway removes mercury from rice plants and mitigates mercury flux to food chains. Nat Food 2024 Jan;5(1):72- 82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00910-x
46. Kaur S, Seem K, Kumar D, Kumar S, Kaundal R, Mohapatra T. Biogenesis to functional significance of microRNAs under drought stress in rice: recent advances and future perspectives. Plant Stress 2024 Mar 24;12:100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2024.100447
47. Kumar D, Ramkumar MK, Dutta B, Kumar A, Pandey R, Jain PK, et al. Integration of miRNA dynamics and drought tolerant QTLs in rice reveals the role of miR2919 in drought stress response. BMC Genomics 2023 Sep 6;24(1):526. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09609-6
48. Dwivedi P, Ramawat N, Dhawan G, Gopala Krishnan S, Vinod KK, Singh MP, et al. Drought tolerant near isogenic lines (NILs) of Pusa 44 developed through marker assisted introgression of qDTY2. 1 and qDTY3. 1 enhances yield under reproductive stage drought stress. Agriculture 2021 Jan 14;11(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010064

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1. Horie T. Encyclopedia of rice. Noubunkyo (Nousangyosonbunkakyokai, Rural Culture Association Japan), Tokyo, Japan, p 3, 2018 (in Japanese).

2. Gu D, Andreev K, Dupre ME. Major trends in population growth around the world. China CDC Weekly 2021 Jul 7;3(28):604. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.160

3. Wilson CA, Mitchell JF. A doubled CO2 climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean. J Geophys Res Atmos 1987 Nov 20;92(D11):13315-43. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD11p13315

4. Horie T, Shiraiwa T, Homma K, Katsura K, Maeda S, Yoshida H. Can yields of lowland rice resume the increases that they showed in the 1980s? Plant Prod Sci 2005 Jan 1;8(3):259-74. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.8.259

5. Zhu R, Wu F, Zhou S, Hu T, Huang J, Gao Y. Cumulative effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation on the photosynthetic characteristics of rice. Environ Exp Bot 2020 Jan 1;169:103901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103901

6. Mishra SS, Panda D. Leaf traits and antioxidant defense for drought tolerance during early growth stage in some popular traditional rice landraces from Koraput, India. Rice Sci 2017 Jul 1;24(4):207-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2017.04.001

7. Hussain HA, Hussain S, Khaliq A, Ashraf U, Anjum SA, Men S, et al. Chilling and drought stresses in crop plants: implications, cross talk, and potential management opportunities. Front Plant Sci 2018 Apr 10;9:393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00393

8. Quampah A, Wang RenMing WR, Shamsi IH, Ghulam Jilani GJ, Zhang Qiao ZQ, Hua ShuiJin HS, et al. Improving water productivity by potassium application in various rice genotypes. Int J Agric Biol 2011;13(1):9-17.

9. Shah B, Yadav SP, Shrestha M, Khadka A, Dahal K, Neupane B, et al. Drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.): impact, performance and recent trends. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci 2024;38(1):169-81. https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2024.016

10. Han S, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhu R, Gu Y, Li J, et al. The OsNAC41-RoLe1- OsAGAP module promotes root development and drought tolerance in upland rice. Mol Plant 2024 Sep 2;17(10):1573-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2024.09.002

11. Venuprasad R, Dalid CO, Del Valle M, Zhao D, Espiritu M, Sta Cruz MT, et al. Identification and characterization of large-effect quantitative trait loci for grain yield under lowland drought stress in rice using bulk-segregant analysis. Theor Appl Genet 2009 Dec;120:177-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1168-1

12. Barnabás B, Jäger K, Fehér A. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ 2008 Jan;31(1):11-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x

13. Kumar A, Dixit S, Ram T, Yadaw RB, Mishra KK, Mandal NP. Breeding high-yielding drought-tolerant rice: genetic variations and conventional and molecular approaches. J Exp Bot 2014 Nov 1;65(21):6265-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru363

14. Redona ED, Mackill DJ. Quantitative trait locus analysis for rice panicle and grain characteristics. Theor Appl Genet 1998 May;96:957-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220050826

15. Vikram P, Swamy BM, Dixit S, Singh R, Singh BP, Miro B, et al. Drought susceptibility of modern rice varieties: an effect of linkage of drought tolerance with undesirable traits. Sci Rep 2015 Oct 13;5(1):14799. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14799

16. Sandhu N, Singh A, Dixit S, Sta Cruz MT, Maturan PC, Jain RK, et al. Identification and mapping of stable QTL with main and epistasis effect on rice grain yield under upland drought stress. BMC Genet 2014 Dec;15:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-15-63

17. Sandhu N, Torres RO, Sta Cruz MT, Maturan PC, Jain R, Kumar A, et al. Traits and QTLs for development of dry direct-seeded rainfed rice varieties. J Exp Bot 2015 Jan 1;66(1):225-4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru413

18. Swamy BPM, Ahmed HU, Henry A, Mauleon R, Dixit S, Vikram P, et al. Genetic, physiological, and gene expression analyses reveal that multiple QTL enhance yield of rice mega-variety IR64 under drought. PLoS One 2013 May 8;8(5):e62795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062795

19. Yadaw RB, Dixit S, Raman A, Mishra KK, Vikram P, Swamy BM, et al. A QTL for high grain yield under lowland drought in the background of popular rice variety Sabitri from Nepal. Field Crops Res 2013 Mar 20;144:281-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.01.019

20. Bernier J, Kumar A, Ramaiah V, Spaner D, Atlin G. A large-effect QTL for grain yield under reproductive-stage drought stress in upland rice. Crop Sci 2007 Mar;47(2):507-16; doi: http://doi.org/10.2135/ cropsci2006.07.0495 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0495

21. Dixit S, Swamy BM, Vikram P, Ahmed HU, Sta Cruz MT, Amante M, et al. Fine mapping of QTLs for rice grain yield under drought reveals sub-QTLs conferring a response to variable drought severities. Theor Appl Genet 2012 Jun;125:155-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1823-9

22. Mohd Ikmal A, Noraziyah AA, Wickneswari R, Oyebamiji YO. Sub1 and qDTY 3.1 improved tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines to drought and submergence stresses. Euphytica 2023 Jun;219(6):60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-023-03189-y

23. Ranawake AL, Amarasingha UG, Dahanayake N. Agronomic characters of some traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in Sri Lanka. J Univ Ruhuna 2013 Oct 12;1(1):3-9. https://doi.org/10.4038/jur.v1i1.6150

24. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report for 1975. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, p 29, 2002.

25. Oladosu Y, Rafii MY, Samuel C, Fatai A, Magaji U, Kareem I, et al. Drought resistance in rice from conventional to molecular breeding: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2019 Jul 18;20(14):3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143519

26. Bapela T, Shimelis H, Tsilo TJ, Mathew I. Genetic improvement of wheat for drought tolerance: progress, challenges and opportunities. Plants 2022 May 18;11(10):1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101331

27. Varshney RK, Bohra A, Yu J, Graner A, Zhang Q, Sorrells ME. Designing future crops: genomics-assisted breeding comes of age. Trends Plant Sci 2021 Jun 1;26(6):631-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.010

28. Sandhu N, Jain S, Kumar A, Mehla BS, Jain R. Genetic variation, linkage mapping of QTL and correlation studies for yield, root, and agronomic traits for aerobic adaptation. BMC Genet 2013 Dec;14:1- 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-14-104

29. Sandhu N, Dixit S, Swamy BP, Raman A, Kumar S, Singh SP, et al. Marker assisted breeding to develop multiple stress tolerant varieties for flood and drought prone areas. Rice 2019 Dec;12:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-019-0269-y

30. Dhawan G, Kumar A, Dwivedi P, Gopala Krishnan S, Pal M, Vinod KK, et al. Introgression of qDTY1. 1 governing reproductive stage drought tolerance into an elite basmati rice variety "Pusa Basmati 1" through marker assisted backcross breeding. Agronomy 2021 Jan 21;11(2):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020202

31. Fukai S, Pantuwan G, Jongdee B, Cooper M. Screening for drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Res 1999 Nov 1;64(1- 2):61-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00051-9

32. Kim Y, Chung YS, Lee E, Tripathi P, Heo S, Kim KH. Root response to drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 22;21(4):1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041513

33. Uga Y, Sugimoto K, Ogawa S, Rane J, Ishitani M, Hara N, et al. Control of root system architecture by DEEPER ROOTING 1 increases rice yield under drought conditions. Nat Genet 2013 Sep;45(9):1097-102. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2725

34. Farooq M, Kobayashi N, Wahid A, Ito O, Basra SM. 6 strategies for producing more rice with less water. Adv Agron 2009 Jan 1;101(4):351-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00806-7

35. Kumar S, Tripathi S, Singh SP, Prasad A, Akter F, Syed MA, et al. Rice breeding for yield under drought has selected for longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density. J Exp Bot 2021 Jun 22;72(13):4981-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab160

36. Gupta SD, Singh A, Singh P, Kewat RN. Effect of drought stress on carbohydrate content in drought tolerant and susceptible chickpea genotypes. IJCS 2018;6(2):1674-6.

37. Samynathan R, Krishnan M, Venkidasamy B, Subramanian U, Sankaran S, Thiruvengadam R, et al. Comparative transcriptional analysis of genetically superior tea cultivars provides insights into variations in metabolite profiles and biological activities. Sci Hortic 2024 Aug 1;334:113308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113308

38. Bassuony NN, Hassan HM, El-Hissewy AA. Sensitivity of panicle characters of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to drought stress and their assosiation with grain yield. J Plant Prod 2015 Jun 1;6(6):1047-62. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2015.49828

39. Wu Y, Fang W, Peng W, Jiang M, Chen G, Xiong F. Sucrose transporter in rice. Plant Signal Behav 2021 Nov 2;16(11):1952373. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2021.1952373

40. Gupta A, Rico-Medina A, Caño-Delgado AI. The physiology of plant responses to drought. Science 2020 Apr 17;368(6488):266-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7614

41. Mukamuhirwa A, Persson Hovmalm H, Ortiz R, Nyamangyoku O, Prieto-Linde ML, Ekholm A, et al. Effect of intermittent drought on grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Rwanda. J Agron Crop Sci 2020 Apr;206(2):252-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12380

42. Wei X, Cang B, Yu K, Li W, Tian P, Han X, et al. Physiological characterization of drought responses and screening of rice varieties under dry cultivation. Agronomy 2022 Nov 15;12(11):2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112849

43. Zhong H, Tang W, Li Z, Sonne C, Lam SS, Zhang X, et al. Soil Geobacteraceae are the key predictors of neurotoxic methylmercury bioaccumulation in rice. Nature Food 2024 Apr 11:5:301-11.. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00954-7

44. Bunnag S, Pongthai P. Selection of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars tolerant to drought stress at the vegetative stage under field conditions. Am J Plant Sci 2013 Aug 21;4(09):1701. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.49207

45. Tang W, Bai X, Zhou Y, Sonne C, Wu M, Lam SS, et al. A hidden demethylation pathway removes mercury from rice plants and mitigates mercury flux to food chains. Nat Food 2024 Jan;5(1):72- 82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00910-x

46. Kaur S, Seem K, Kumar D, Kumar S, Kaundal R, Mohapatra T. Biogenesis to functional significance of microRNAs under drought stress in rice: recent advances and future perspectives. Plant Stress 2024 Mar 24;12:100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2024.100447

47. Kumar D, Ramkumar MK, Dutta B, Kumar A, Pandey R, Jain PK, et al. Integration of miRNA dynamics and drought tolerant QTLs in rice reveals the role of miR2919 in drought stress response. BMC Genomics 2023 Sep 6;24(1):526. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09609-6

48. Dwivedi P, Ramawat N, Dhawan G, Gopala Krishnan S, Vinod KK, Singh MP, et al. Drought tolerant near isogenic lines (NILs) of Pusa 44 developed through marker assisted introgression of qDTY2. 1 and qDTY3. 1 enhances yield under reproductive stage drought stress. Agriculture 2021 Jan 14;11(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010064