Research Article | Volume 12, Issue 5, September, 2024

Secondary metabolite profiles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of callus, and leaves extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb.

Junairiah Junairiah Listijani Suhargo Tri Nurhariyati Nabilah Istighfari Zuraidassanaaz   

Open Access   

Published:  Jul 20, 2024

DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2024.190553
Abstract

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of different combination concentrations of 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) on callus induction, profiles of secondary metabolites, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities from Piper sarmentosum leaves. These leaves explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combination concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 mg/L) during 6-week culture callus period. Result showed that the morphology of callus grown during this study was compact in various colors appearance, such as light brown, brownish, and dark brown. The fastest mean of callus induction time was 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP (10 days). The highest callus fresh weight was 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP (0.350 g). The combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP was the highest callus dry weight (0.078 g), this treatment was contained 11 different compounds, which were dominated by cyanoacetamide (25.08%) and diisooctyl-phthalate (21.81%). Myristicin and propanamide compounds were also identified in the methanol extract of P. sarmentosum callus. Methanolic extract of callus P. sarmentosum from the optimum treatment had the highest antioxidant activity (26.709 μL/mL) and antimicrobial activity against three test microbes.


Keyword:     Antimicrobial Antioxidant Callus culture Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Leaves Secondary metabolites profile


Citation:

Junairiah J, Suhargo L, Nurhariyati T, Zuraidassanaaz NI. Secondary metabolite profiles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of callus, and leaves extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. J App Biol Biotech. 2024;12(5):81-88. http://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2024.190553

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

HTML Full Text

1. INTRODUCTION

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Piperaceae) is a tropical plant that is commonly consumed as a vegetable and has medicinal properties in the South-east Asia region. It is a wild-growing herb with long creeping stems. This terrestrial herb has been used traditionally to treat many ailments and diseases. The leaves of this plant are alternate with heart-shaped and usually have a waxy surface in their young light green leaves. This plant has a pungent odor and the flower has a unisexual ovary [1-4]. Aerial parts of P. sarmentosum are consumed after cooking or boiling in water as a functional food [4,5].

Recently, many people have utilized herbal remedies daily. Piper species are used in a variety of traditional medicines. Especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the southern region in Thailand because of not harmful or unfavorable effects and also the cost is effectiveness. The leaves of the plant are commonly used to treat kidney stones and mitigate chest pain, indigestion, fever, and headache. The fruits and leaves are used as an expectorant, carminative, coughs, and muscle aches. In Indonesia, this plant is also used for asthma by chewing the rootlets with betel nut and swallowing the juice [2,4-6]. The previous study also mentioned that extracts of P. sarmentosum have shown various pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihypertensive, anti-tuberculosis, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial activity, fracture healing, and to prevent the vascular endothelial dysfunction caused by nicotine exposure and also has potential to be used in tissue regeneration [3,4,7-12]. P. sarmentosum contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids (amide and pyrones), phenols, flavonoids, and tannins [4,13]. The previous study shows the phenolic compounds identified in the leaves and fruits of P. sarmentosum’s crude extract exhibited moderate to strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. [3]. The leaves of P. sarmentosum are also mentioned as a promising non-toxic antiparasitic agent against Trypanosoma evansi induced on mice [14].

Due to the high utilization value of this plant, another alternative is needed to reduce the exploitation of plants in nature just to get their secondary metabolite content. The therapeutic value of this plant by enhancing secondary metabolite content can be increased using tissue culture technology through callus culture. It is superior to the conventional method of propagation because of the high multiplication rate [15]. The induction of callus is more effective in meristematic organs [16]. The extract of cell suspension from the induction callus of B. aegypteaca using plant growth hormone (2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D] and NAA) has high anti-cancer activity. The previous study also mentioned that callus culture could be a promising method to obtain antimalarial secondary metabolites, especially by callus induction that has been conducted for seven Piper species such as Piper betle, Piper colubrinumm, Piper crocatum, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Piper permucronatum, Piper solmsianum to obtain higher content of secondary metabolites with an additional plant growth hormones [16,17]. Secondary metabolites production can be increased using micropropagation which has the additional role of auxin and cytokinin as plant growth regulators. 2,4-Diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) are two combinations of plant growth regulators that are often used and optimum in inducing callus to produce secondary metabolites [18,19]. In the previous study, information has not been found about callus induction from P. sarmentosum leaves using 2,4-D and BAP plant growth regulators. There is also no information about antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from methanol crude extract of P. sarmentosum’s callus. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different combination concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP on callus induction, profiles of secondary metabolites, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from P. sarmentosum leaves.


2. MATERIALs AND METHODS

2.1. Callus Culture

2.1.1. Plant material

Plant materials used in the current study were P. sarmentosum Roxb. obtained from Kayon Flower Market Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The leaves collected from the apical of plant as an explant. The leaves explants were soaked in water that had been added with liquid detergent for 10 min and then washed thoroughly with running tap water three times. The explants were treated with 70% alcohol solution for 6 min and 20% clorox solution for 5 min in aseptic condition. After that, the explants were washed with sterile dH2O three times to remove any traces of chemical solutions.

2.1.2. Medium preparation

MS medium supplemented with different combination concentrations of 2,4-Diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 mg/L) and BAP (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 mg/L) and control treatment with hormone-free in MS medium was prepared by adding 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar, totaling 26 treatments [Table 1]. The pH for the MS medium was maintained at 5.6–5.8 to autoclaving at 121oC for 15 min.

Table 1: Effect of different combination concentration of 2,4-D and BAP on callus induction time, fresh weight, and dry weight from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. leaves explants on MS medium for 6 weeks.

Hormones (mg/L)Callus induction time (days)*Callus fresh weight (g)*       Callus dry weight (g)**Callus color

2,4-D            BAP          
000.000±0.000a0.000±0.000a0.000±0.000a-
0.50.514±0.972de0.174±0.047b0.039±0.011bcLight brown             
0.51.013±0.928cd0.223±0.037d0.046±0.024bcdBrownish
0.51.510±0.500b0.262±0.048cdeg0.056±0.018bcdeLight brown
0.52.014±0.866ef0.261±0.059cdef0.057±0.016bcdefLight brown
0.52.515±0.500fghj0.287±0.051cefi0.045±0.012bcdLight brown
1.00.515±0.782fgik0.236±0.034dh0.069±0.026efBrownish
1.01.016±0.500ikm0.241±0.065cde0.048±0.016bcdeLight brown
1.01.515±0.500fghj0.276±0.062cefhi0.052±0.013bcdeLight brown
1.02.016±0.782lmn0.305±0.052efi0.061±0.019cdefLight brown
1.02.518±0.833o0.331±0.049i0.047±0.009bcdeBrownish
1.50.518±0.866o0.260±0.085cdef0.051±0.023bcdeLight brown
1.51.015±0.500ik0.259±0.049cdef0.057±0.023bcdefLight brown
1.51.516±0.527km0.284±0.049cefhi0.078±0.029fBrownish
1.52.014±0.527efg0.350±0.111fgi0.046±0.012bcdeDark brown
1.52.515±0.500ik0.288±0.076cefhi0.063±0.018defDark brown
2.00.517±0.866l0.316±0.066fgi0.064±0.024defBrownish
2.01.017±0.866l0.297±0.060cefi0.056±0.024bcdeLight brown
2.01.512±0.782c0.273±0.039cef0.061±0.018cdefDark brown
2.02.014±0.866eh0.263±0.053cdef0.048±0.017bcdeDark brown
2.02.515±0.527km0.320±0.072fi0.042±0.009bcdDark brown
2.50.516±0.500kn0.223±0.106bcd0.035±0.011bDark brown
2.51.015±0.866gjk0.243±0.096bdef0.041±0.020bcdLight brown
2.51.515±0.866gjk0.284±0.122cdefi0.046±0.026bcdLight brown
2.52.021±8.544jklo0.206±0.114bcd0.050±0.043bcdeLight brown
2.52.514±1.225efgi0.241±0.074cd0.036±0.020cLight brown

Value represents the mean±standard deviation of nine replicates.

* The same letter in same column are not significantly different by the Mann-Whitney’s test at 0.05% probability level and

** The same letter in same column are not significantly different by the Duncan’s multiple range test at 0.05% probability level. MS: Murashige and Skoog, BAP: Benzylaminopurine

2.1.3. Explant culture

Sterilized leaves explants were cut into 1 cm × 1 cm lengths and inoculated in MS medium with supplemented different combination concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP in sterile conditions. Three explants were cultured in each bottle, with nine replications for each treatment. All cultures were incubated at ±25°C under light conditions for 6 weeks.

2.2. Secondary Metabolites Extraction and Identification by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

2.2.1. Preparation of samples

Three treatments with the highest dry weight were selected to continue the extraction process. The dry callus in each treatment sample was then pulverized to form powder. The sample powder of P. sarmentosum callus was extracted with 5 mL of methanol solvent by maceration for 3 days at room temperature. Then, the methanol extract solution was filtered using filter paper and concentrated until the extract had a volume of 2 mL.

2.2.2. Equipment and chromatographic conditions

The sample (1 μL) was taken and injected into column type HP-5MS (30 m × 250 m × 0.25 μm, Agilent, USA) to be analyzed its the type of compounds and peak areal percentage (%) of compounds using GC-MS Agilent Technologies 7890A. Temperature of oven was set at 100oC for 2 min, then raised to 300°C for 1 min. Running time of each test extract was ± 24 min.

2.3. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial activity in this study is using the disk diffusion method. 25 μL of methanol extract was loaded to sterile discs (? = 6 mm) and placed on inoculated 100 μL microbes suspension and 15 mL Mueller-Hinton Agar medium in petri dish. For each concentration (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm), three replicates were maintained [20]. The plates were incubated for 24 h (for bacteria) and 48 h (for fungi) at 37°C and zones of inhibition if any around the discs were measured in mm using caliper [21].

2.4. Determination of Antioxidant Activity

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution was prepared beforehand and the stock solution of P. sarmentosum’s leaves callus methanol extract was diluted in several concentrations (100; 75; 50; 35; 25; 12.5; 10; 6.25 μg mL-1), each sample with a concentration which has been determined was repeated 2 times. The DPPH test used a 96 well microplate with each well added 200 μL of callus extract sample solution and 100 μL of DPPH solution. After that, it was incubated in a dark room for 1 h and continued with a UV-Vis microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) at a wavelength of 517 nm to determine the absorbance value at each of these concentrations [22,23]. The percentage of DPPH radical degradation from each extract concentration was calculated by the following formula:

Absorbance sample is the absorbance value of P. sarmentosum callus extract and absorbance blank is the absorbance value of the control blank which contains DPPH solution reagent only. Then, the result of the percentage inhibition (%I) was analyzed to determine the value of inhibitory concentration (IC50). The percentage inhibition was substituted in a linear equation; then, interpreted as IC50. The IC50 value is an expression of the antioxidant activity of the callus extract sample.

2.5. Data Analysis

The experiment of callus induction was carried out nine replications for each treatment. Qualitative data such as callus morphology and secondary metabolites profiles of P. sarmentosum were identified descriptively. Quantitative data such as callus induction time, fresh weight, and dry weight were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test and Mann–Whitney’s test for mean comparison. The experiment of antimicrobial activity was analyzed by measuring the zone of inhibition with three replications for each concentration, and the percentage of inhibition (%I) measured for antioxidant activity with two replications for each concentration.


3. RESULTS

3.1. Callus Induction

Callus was produced from cut ends of meristematic leaves of P. sarmentosum Roxb. after 6 weeks of culture. Induction of P. sarmentosum Roxb. achieved approximately 70% until 100% after 6 weeks of culture. The establishment of Piper cultures was frequently slow and difficult [24]. In the present study, compact callus was successfully established on all different combination concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP with various callus color, such as light brown, brownish, and dark brown [Figure 1]. MS medium with hormones free cannot induced callus.

Figure 1: Effect of different combination concentration of 2,4-D and BAP on callus morphology from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. leaves explants on MS medium for six weeks. (a.) 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D + 1.5 mg L-1 BAP, (b.) 1.0 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, (c.) 2.0 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, (d.) 2.0 mg L-1 2,4-D + 2.0 mg L-1 BAP (dark brown callus), (e.) 2.5 mg L-1 2,4-D + 2.5 mg L-1 BAP (light brown callus). (a-c.) Brownish callus, C. Callus, and E. Explant. All callus were compact textured and explants were green except for control (brown explant and no callus). Bars = 1 cm.



[Click here to view]

Table 1 showed that the fastest mean of callus induction time was 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP on 10 days, while the slowest mean of callus induction time was 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP on 21 days. The treatment of combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP showed the highest mean of callus fresh weight (0.350 g), while the lowest mean of callus fresh weight at the treatment of combination concentration of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP (0.174 g). The treatment of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP showed the highest mean of callus dry weight (0.078 g), while the lowest mean of callus dry weight at the treatment of 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP (0.035 g).

Based on statistical data analysis, the mean of callus induction time, fresh weight, and dry weight with supplemented concentration of 2,4-D and BAP in MS medium did not show a significant difference. Three treatments with the highest dry weight were selected to continue the extraction process were 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP; 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP; 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP at 0.078 g, 0.069 g and 0.064 g, respectively.

3.2. Secondary Metabolites Profile of Callus

The callus of P. sarmentosum that has been dried was then mashed to form a powder for extraction process with methanol solvent for 3 days. After that, the three selected methanol extracts were analyzed for secondary metabolites using GC-MS. In Table 2, it shows that there were many identified types of compounds. The combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP contains 11 different compounds, which were dominated by cyanoacetamide (25.08%) and diisooctyl-phthalate (21.81%). The combination concentration of 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP contains six different compounds, which were dominated by acetaldehyde (32.90%), 2-methoxyamphetamine (17.88%) and propanamide (16.72%). While the treatment of 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP contains seven different compounds, which were dominated by myristicin (48.77%) and vanillin ethyl ether (39.22%). Myristicin and propanamide compounds were always identified in the three P. sarmentosum callus extracts, the content of myristicin appeared at the 9th min, while the content of propanamide appeared at the 15th min [Table 2].

Table 2: Secondary metabolites profiles identified in methanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb.’s callus.

Retention time (min)Name of compoundsPeak area (%)Activity
1.5 mg/L 2,4-D+1.5 mg/L BAP
 4.404Acetaldehyde7.48Antimicrobial and antioxidant [35]
 8.682Benzenemethanamine3.18Antimicrobial [38]
 9.110Chloracetamide3.75Antimicrobial [39]
 9.571Myristicin8.94Antimicrobial and antioxidant [40]
 10.1151-Methylheptylamine9.86Antimicrobial [41]
 11.305Phenylpropanolamine2.32Antioxidant [42]
 11.8241,4-Dimethylpentylamine5.69-
 13.278Cyanoacetamide25.08Antioxidant [43]
 13.7062-Aminononadecane4.67Antimicrobial and antioxidant [44]
 15.621Propanamide7.22Antioxidant [45]
 22.205Diisooctyl-phthalate21.81Antimicrobial and antioxidant [46]
1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L BAP
 4.330Acetaldehyde32.90Antimicrobial and antioxidant [35]
 8.6822,4-Dimethylamphetamine13.90-
 9.571Myristicin5.44Antimicrobial and antioxidant [40]
 12.7972-Methoxyamphetamine17.88Antimicrobial [47]
 15.610Propanamide16.72Antioxidant [45]
 20.344(Tetrahydroxycyclopentadienone) tri carbonyliron (0)13.16-
2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L BAP
 5.5411-Methylcaprolactam3.82-
 8.677Caryophyllene3.17Antimicrobial and antioxidant [48]
 9.566Myristicin48.77Antimicrobial and antioxidant [40]
 10.2161,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid0.78Antimicrobial and antioxidant [49]
 15.235Vanillin ethyl ether39.22Antioxidant [50]
 15.600Propanamide3.52Antioxidant [45]
 18.5511,1-Cyclobutanedimethanamine0.73-

BAP: Benzylaminopurine

3.3. Antimicrobial Activity of Callus and Leaves Extract

The results of the antimicrobial activity test between the callus extract and the leaves of P. sarmentosum had differences [Figure 2]. In inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, it was shown that the leaf extract was better at inhibiting their growth than the callus extract. At a concentration of 1000 ppm, P. sarmentosum leaf extract inhibited the highest C. albicans growth with an average inhibition zone of 11.70 mm. In inhibiting the growth of E. coli, the concentration of 1000 ppm of leaf extract was also among the highest at an average inhibition zone of 16.60 mm. Whereas in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, callus extract was better at inhibiting its growth for the best concentration being 1000 ppm callus extract of P. sarmentosum (11.60 mm).

Figure 2: The mean diameter of the inhibition zone produced by callus and leaves extracts against various pathogen.



[Click here to view]

3.4. Antioxidant Activity of Callus and Leaves Extract

Figure 3 shows that there is a difference in the antioxidant activity between P. sarmentosum leaves extract and callus compared to silymarin as a standard. The P. sarmentosum leaves extract had an IC50 value of 340.161 μL/mL which was included in the category of very weak antioxidant activity, while the IC50 value of the P. sarmentosum callus extract was 26.709 μL/mL which was included in the category of very strong antioxidant activity.

Figure 3: Graph plot percentage inhibition against concentration showing DPPH free radical scavenging activity of leaves methanol extract and callus methanol extract compared with silymarin (standard).



[Click here to view]

4. DISCUSSION

The plant growth regulators was supplemented on MS medium induced the growth rate of explant cultured cells. Based on this study, the formation of P. sarmentosum Roxb. callus induced at 10 days to 21 days after planting. It indicated that the different combination concentration of 2,4-D and BAP in P. sarmentosum callus were not too significantly different. Except for the treatment 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP (10 days) was significantly different from the other treatment, while the slowest mean of callus induction time was 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP (21 days). In general, callus P. sarmentosum induced on 14 days, 15 days, and 16 days. The results were in accordance with previous research on callus induction of P. retrofractum Vahl. with additional various combination of 2,4-D and BAP showed the average time in inducing callus on 15 days after planting [25]. But also, this respone was possibly due to different combinations of plant growth regulators applied to MS medium in addition to physiological condition of respective explants [18]. Due to strong activities to stimulate dedifferentiation cell process, organogenesis, and maintain callus growth, 2,4-D is a plant growth regulator mostly used on callus culture [26]. An increased in the concentration of 2,4-D added to MS medium can also inhibit callus proliferation [27]. In the previous study, the treatment of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L BAP showed the fastest mean of callus induction time of Piper betle L. Var. Nigra leaves at 7.25 days [18]. Another study showed that the combination concentration of 13.50 μM 2,4-D and 4.50 μM BAP was the fastest treatment to callus induced of Hymenocallis littoralis at 15 days [28]. The application of 2,4-D and BAP in various concentrations also showed the fastest callus induction time (5–7 days) in various plant explants [29-31].

The combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP showed the highest mean of callus fresh weight at 0.350 g, while the highest mean of callus dry weight was the combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP at 0.078 g. In the current study, the difference in the value of callus fresh weight and dry weight is probably due to the presence of more water content in the combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP than in the combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP, the highest dry weight of P. sarmentosum’s callus in this treatment indicates a best combination concentration for the production of secondary metabolite content. In the previous study, the various combination concentration of 2,4-D and BAP also showed the optimum dry weight for producing secondary metabolites in various plants, such as the combination concentration of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP at 0.0670 g callus dry weight in Piper betle L. Var. Nigra leaves and the treatment of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP at 0.108 g callus dry weight in Justicia gendarussa leaves [18,26]. Callus morphology of P. sarmentosum showed a variety of callus colors with a compact texture. The colors that appeared after explants in culture for 6 weeks were light brown, brownish, and dark brown [Table 1 and Figure 1]. In the present study, there are different colors of callus which is caused various hormone treatments which clearly indicate the influence of different plant growth regulators on determining callus morphology [32].

The combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP (0.078 g); 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP (0.069 g); 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP (0.064 g) were the best three treatments for callus dry weight. After the identification of secondary metabolite compounds using GC-MS, each treatment showed the number and variety of different compounds [Table 2]. Myristicin and propanamide compounds were always identified in the three P. sarmentosum callus extracts. In previous study explained that Myristicin compound is the highest potent inhibition against R. solani and B. oryzae with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.69 mmol/L [33]. Myristicin compound in extract methanol of P. sarmentosum also can exhibited strong antifeedant [34]. Propanamide compounds were previously reported to have antibacterial and antioxidant activity in other study [35,36]. Myristicin compound was also identified in the ethanol extract of P. sarmentosum leaves in Malaysia [37].

In Figure 2 shows that P. sarmentosum leaves and callus extracts have varying antimicrobial activity at each treatment concentration except for the 0 ppm extract treatment. In this study, it was seen that the growth of S. aureus was inhibited by the best concentration of 1000 ppm of P. sarmentosum callus extract (11.60 mm), while the growth of C. albicans and E. coli were inhibited best by the concentration of 1000 ppm of P. sarmentosum leaves extract with a diameter of inhibition zone 11.70 mm and 16.60 mm, respectively. The difference in inhibitory ability is due to differences in the total and type of secondary metabolite compounds between callus extract and leaves extract of P. sarmentosum. Table 2 also shows that the callus extract of P. sarmentosum contains a myristicin compound, while the methanol leaves extract of P. sarmentosum contains an elemicin compound [51]. Myristicin and elemicin are phytochemical compounds that have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. These two compounds can inhibit the synthesis process in microbial cells so that their growth is hampered and die. Figure 2 also shows the concentration of 250–1000 ppm; both extracts were able to against the growth of three types of pathogen microbes. It shows that the callus and leaves extracts of P. sarmentosum are effective against C. albicans, E. coli, and S. aureus. A previous study also stated that methanol extract of C. dactylon rhizome with a concentration of 1000 ppm could best inhibit the growth of E. coli, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa with an average diameter of the inhibition zone 16.80 mm, 18.30 mm, and 12.80 mm, respectively [52].

In Figure 3, it can be seen that the antioxidant activity of P. sarmentosum callus extract is the best compared to P. sarmentosum leaves extract and silymarin as standards in this assay. The IC50 value of callus extract is 26.709 μL/mL which is very strong in its antioxidant activity compared to leaves extract which has an IC50 value of 340.161 μL/mL which is very weak in its antioxidant activity. This test shows that callus induction of P. sarmentosum with the addition of growth regulators such as 2,4-D and BAP can increase the production of secondary metabolites which play a role in increasing antioxidant activity such as myristicin and propanamide compounds which are also antioxidants [35,36]. Other studies stated that the myristicin compound in Daucus pumilus was successfully increased through the micropropagation method and thus its antioxidant activity became stronger [53]. Another study also shows that Saraca asoca callus in various extracts has better scavenging ability than extract of S. asoca in vivo leaves with an IC50 value of 38.79 μL/mL [54]. The antioxidant activity of extracts is influenced by the content of natural polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins [55].


5. CONCLUSION

This study concluded that the different combination concentrations of plant growth regulators 2,4-D and BAP affected callus induction and profile of secondary metabolites of P. sarmentosum Roxb. leaves explants. The combination concentration of 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP was the best treatment in inducing callus because the highest myristicin compound was identified, so it can be used to produce callus for secondary metabolite production. Myristicin and propanamide compounds were identified in three methanol extracts of P. sarmentosum callus, and that callus extract had the highest dry weight. The morphology of callus grown during this study was compact in various colors, such as light brown, brownish, and dark brown. The best treatment of P. sarmentosum callus extract had better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than P. sarmentosum leaf extract.


6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thankfully acknowledge the Annual Consideration Activity Plan, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, in the 2023 fiscal year, for financial support (PDU 2023).


7. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All the authors are eligible to be an author as per the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) requirements/guidelines.


8. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors report no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work.


9. ETHICAL APPROVALS

This study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects.


10. DATA AVAILABILITY

All the data are available with the authors and shall be provided on request.


11. USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)-ASSISTED TECHNOLOGY

The authors declares that they have not used artificial intelligence (AI)-tools for writing and editing of the manuscript, and no images were manipulated using AI.


12. PUBLISHER’S NOTE

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.


REFERENCES

1.  Nirwana SI, Suhana MR, Fadziyah MA, Farihah HS, Fairus A, Alfakri MN. Piper sarmentosum improves bone structure and biomechanical strength of rats given excess glucocorticoid. Br J Pharm Res 2012;2:168-87. [CrossRef]

2.  Seyyedan A, Yahya F, Kamarolzaman MF, Suhaili Z, Desa MN, Khairi HM, et al. Review on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Piper sarmentosum:Scientific justification of its traditional use. TANG (Humanit Tradit Med) 2013;3:1-32.

3.  Syed Ab Rahman SF, Sijam K, Omar D, Abd Wahab MZ. Identification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of antibacterial properties of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Against rice pathogenic bacteria. Malays J Microbiol 2016a;12:475-84.

4.  Syed Ab Rahman SF, Sijam K, Omar D. Piper sarmentosum Roxb:A mini review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Anal Pharm Res 2016b;2:00031.

5.  Hussain K, Hashmi FK, Latif A, Ismail Z, Sadikun A. A review of the literature and latest advances in research of Piper sarmentosum. Pharm Biol 2012;50:1045-52. [CrossRef]

6.  Thent ZC, Das S. Piper sarmentosum maintains blood pressure and morphological integrity of liver in type 1 diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Med Biol Sci 2015;4:24-8.

7.  Fadze NF, Ugusman A, Aminuddin A, Zakaria Z, Nordin NA. Piper sarmentosum reduces blood pressure in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats. Int J Cardiol 2017;249:S1-5.

8.  Shi YN, Liu FF, Jacob MR, Li XC, Zhu HT, Wang D, et al. Antifungal amide alkaloids from the aerial parts of Piper flaviflorum and Piper sarmentosum. Planta Med 2017;83:143-50.

9.  Wang DF, Zhou LL, Zhou HL, Hou GY, Zhou X, Li W. Effects of Piper sarmentosum extract on the growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune response in weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017;101:105-12. [CrossRef]

10.  Hematpoor A, Paydar M, Liew SY, Sivasothy Y, Mohebali N, Looi CY, et al. Phenylpropanoids isolated from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells through reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial-dependent pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2018;279:210-8. [CrossRef]

11.  Salleh MF, Aminuddin A, Hamid AA, Salamt N, Japar Sidik FZ, Ugusman A. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Attenuates vascular endothelial dysfunction in nicotine-induced rats. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:667102. [CrossRef]

12.  Abidin IZ, Johari AN, Ariffin ZZ, Yazid MD, Dyari HR, Ariffin SH. Cytotoxic and osteoblast differentiation induction properties of crude polar extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves:Cytotoxicity and differentiation effect of P. sarmentosum. J Trop Life Sci 2023;13:231-8. [CrossRef]

13.  Ugusman A, Zakaria Z, Hui CK, Nordin NA, Mahdy ZA. Flavonoids of Piper sarmentosum and its cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress. EXCLI J 2012;11:705-14.

14.  Baba MS, Hassan ZA. Piper sarmentosum leaf as a promising non-toxic antiparasitic agent against Trypanosoma evansi-induced mice. Malays J Microsc 2019;15:46-60.

15.  Deventhiran M, Wyson WJ, Mohamed MS, Jaikumar K, Saravanan P, Anand D. In vitro propagation and comparative phytochemical analysis of wild plant and micropropagated Cleome rutidosperma DC. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2017;9:253-7.

16.  Sherif SS, Emara NA. Anticancer activity of Balanitis aegyptiaca extract on human hepatoma cells and prostate cell line culture. Int J Pharmtech Res 2016;9:53-64.

17.  Putri NS, Noli ZA. Callus culture as the method in providing antimalarial compounds of Piper genus. J Environ Sci Sustain Soc 2021;10:8-11.

18.  Junairiah, Purnomo, Utami ESW, Ni'matuzahroh, Sulistyorini L. Callus induction of Piper betle L. Var Nigra using 2,4-Dichlorofenoxyacetic acid and 6-Benzil aminopurin. Biosaintifika 2018;10:588-96.

19.  Santos MR, Guimarães MC, Paz ES, Magalhães GM, Souza CA, Smozinski CV, et al. Induction and growth pattern of callus from Piper permucronatum leaves. Rev Bras Plantas Med 2016;18:142-8. [CrossRef]

20.  Junairiah, Fatimah, Nurhariyati T, Zuraidassanaaz NI. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Syzygium cumini L. Leaves in tropical region from Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Asian J Plant Sci 2023;22:104-12. [CrossRef]

21.  Ahmed GS, Coskun US. Investigation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of Saussurea costus root extracts. An Acad Bras Cienc 2023;95:e20230059.

22.  Tamuly C, Hazarika M, Bora J, Gajurel PR. Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand-Mazz. Int J Food Proper 2014;17:309-20. [CrossRef]

23.  Prieto JM. Procedure:Preparation of DPPH radical, and antioxidant scavenging assay. DPPH Micro Protoc 2012;7-9.

24.  Balbuena TS, Santa-Catarina C, Silveira V, Kato MJ, Floh EI. In vitro morphogenesis and cell suspension culture establishment in Piper solmsianum C. DC. (Piperaceae). Acta Bot Bras 2009;23:274-81. [CrossRef]

25.  Junairiah, Arofah J, Manuhara YSW, Nurhariyati T, Ni'matuzahroh. Effect of 2,4-D and BAP on callus induction of Piper retrofractum Vahl. Res J Pharm Technol 2021;14:1390-4. [CrossRef]

26.  Wahyuni DK, Andriani P, Ansori AN, Utami ES. Callus induction of gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa) by various concentration of 2,4-D, IBA, and BAP. Biosaintifika 2017;9:402-8.

27.  Damayanti F, Indrianto A, Sasongko AB, Fajarina S, Prabowo BH, Iskandar A, et al. Variation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) concentration on kaffir lime callus growth as raw material for cell suspension. AIP Conf Proc 2020;2260:030012. [CrossRef]

28.  Sundarasekar J, Anthony JJ, Murugaiyah V, Subramaniam S. Preliminary responses of 2,4-D and BAP on callus initiation of an important medicinal-ornamental Hymenocallis littoralis plants. J Med Plant Res2012;6:2088-93.

29.  Andaryani S, Samanhudi, Yunus A. Effect of BAP and 2,4-D on callus induction of Jatropha curcas in vitro. Cell Biol Dev 2019;3:56-65.

30.  Mayerni R, Satria B, Wardhani DK, Chan SR. Effect of auxin (2,4-D) and cytokinin (BAP) in callus induction of local patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2020;583:012003. [CrossRef]

31.  Muthi'ah A, Sakya AT, Setyawati A, Samanhudi, Rahayu M. Callus induction of Calotropis gigantea using BAP and 2,4-D in vitro. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2023;1177:012021. [CrossRef]

32.  Kumar GP, Subiramani S, Govindarajan S, Sadasivam V, Manickam V, Mogilicherla K, et al. Evaluation of different carbon sources for high frequency callus culture with reduced phenolic secretion in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. SVPR-2. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2015;7:72-80. [CrossRef]

33.  Chanprapai P, Chavasiri W. Antimicrobial activity from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Against rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi. J Integr Agric 2017;16:2513-24. [CrossRef]

34.  Qin W, Huang S, Li C, Chen S, Peng Z. Biological activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Piperaceae) and its chemical constituents on Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera:Hispidae). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2010;96:132-9. [CrossRef]

35.  Rassem HH, Nour AH, Yunus RM. Analysis of bioactive compounds for jasmine flower via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Malays J Fundam Appl Sci 2018;14:198-201. [CrossRef]

36.  Shankar S, Settu S, Segaran G, Sundar RD, Ravi L. Phytochemical constituents of Dracaena mahatma leaves and their anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory significance. Biotechnol Res Innov 2018;2:1-8. [CrossRef]

37.  Ibrahim MA, Nasir MH, Azahari NF. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of Piper sarmentosum ethanolic extract. Int J Allied Health Sci 2020;4:1257-65.

38.  Beulah GG, Soris PT, Mohan VR. GC-MS determination of bioactive compounds of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.F) Ettingsh:An epiphytic plant. Int J Health Sci Res 2018;8:261-9.

39.  Bogdanovic A, Lazic A, Grujic S, Dimkic I, Stankovic S, Petrovic S. Characterisation of twelve newly synthesised N-(substituted phenyl)-2-chloroacetamides with QSAR analysis and antimicrobial activity tests. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021;72:70-9.

40.  Gupta AD, Bansal VK, Babu V, Maithil N. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2013;11:25-31. [CrossRef]

41.  Yun H, Hwang BY, Lee JH, Kim BG. Use of enrichment culture for directed evolution of the Vibrio fluvialis JS17 omega-transaminase, which is resistant to product inhibition by aliphatic ketones. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:4220-4. [CrossRef]

42.  Zhao T, Sun L, Wang Z, Nisar T, Gong T, Li D, et al. The antioxidant property and a-amylase inhibition activity of young apple polyphenols are related with apple varieties. LWT Food Sci Technol 2019;111:252-9. [CrossRef]

43.  Krishnan KG, Kumar CU, Lim WM, Mai CW, Thanikachalam PV, Ramalingan C. Novel cyanoacetamide integrated phenothiazines:Synthesis, characterization, computational studies and in vitro antioxidant and anticancer evaluations. J Mol Struct 2020;1199:127037. [CrossRef]

44.  Sharma A, Noda M, Sugiyama M, Ahmad A, Kaur B. Production of functional buttermilk and soymilk using Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+). Molecules 2021;26:4671. [CrossRef]

45.  Alhusadi NA, Turgutalp B, Deniz I, Acar ET, Sipahi H, Yarim M, et al. Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant and molecular docking studies on novel 6-methoxybenzothiazole-piperazine derivatives with propanamide chain. Curr Top Med Chem 2020;20:1733-41. [CrossRef]

46.  Djebbah FZ, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Belyagoubi L, Kherbouche F, Abdelouahid DE, et al. Isolation and characterisation of Streptomyces sp. Strain GLD25 with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects from Gueldaman cave (GLD1), Akbou-Algeria. J King Saud Univ Sci 2022;34:101719. [CrossRef]

47.  Rapando JW, Ngugi MP, Muturi M, Ogutu JO. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum. Res Square 2020;19.

48.  Dahham SS, Tabana YM, Iqbal MA, Ahamed MB, Ezzat MO, Majid AS, et al. The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the sesquiterpene b-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules 2015;20:11808-29. [CrossRef]

49.  Naqvi SF, Khan IH, Javaid A. Hexane soluble bioactive components of Chenopodium murale stem. Pak J Weed Sci Res 2020;26:425-32. [CrossRef]

50.  Oladimeji OH, Njinga S, Abdullahi ST. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of obtained derivatives of vanillin. J Pharm Res Sci Tech 2022;6:17-25. [CrossRef]

51.  Junairiah, Nurhariyati T, Zuraidassanaaz NI. Phytochemical in the methanol extract of Piper sarmentosum. Ecol Environ Conserv 2020;26:S123-6.

52.  Savadi S, Vazifedoost M, Didar Z, Nematshahi MM, Jahed E. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial/antioxidant activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Rhizome methanolic extract. J Food Qual 2020;2020:1-10. [CrossRef]

53.  Arafa AM, Abdel-Ghani AE, El-Dahmy SI, Abdelaziz S. Micropropagation, myristicin production enhancement, and comparative GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extracts of different organs of Daucus pumilus (Gouan), family Apiaceae. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020;12:324-36. [CrossRef]

54.  Vignesh A, Selvakumar S, Vasanth K. Comparative LC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds, antioxidants and antibacterial activity from leaf and callus extracts of Saraca asoca. Phytomed Plus 2022;2:100167. [CrossRef]

55.  Ghatak A, Nair S, Vajpayee A, Chaturvedi P, Samant S, Soley K, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and LC-MS characterization of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De.Wilde. Int J Adv Res 2015;3:318-27.

Reference

1. Nirwana SI, Suhana MR, Fadziyah MA, Farihah HS, Fairus A, Alfakri MN. Piper sarmentosum improves bone structure and biomechanical strength of rats given excess glucocorticoid. Br J Pharm Res 2012;2:168-87. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2012/1435

2. Seyyedan A, Yahya F, Kamarolzaman MF, Suhaili Z, Desa MN, Khairi HM, et al. Review on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Piper sarmentosum: Scientific justification of its traditional use. TANG (Humanit Tradit Med) 2013;3:1-32. https://doi.org/10.5667/tang.2013.0002

3. Syed Ab Rahman SF, Sijam K, Omar D, Abd Wahab MZ. Identification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of antibacterial properties of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Against rice pathogenic bacteria. Malays J Microbiol 2016a;12:475-84. https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.s01216

4. Syed Ab Rahman SF, Sijam K, Omar D. Piper sarmentosum Roxb: A mini review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Anal Pharm Res 2016b;2:00031. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2016.02.00031

5. Hussain K, Hashmi FK, Latif A, Ismail Z, Sadikun A. A review of the literature and latest advances in research of Piper sarmentosum. Pharm Biol 2012;50:1045-52. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.654229

6. Thent ZC, Das S. Piper sarmentosum maintains blood pressure and morphological integrity of liver in type 1 diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Med Biol Sci 2015;4:24-8.

7. Fadze NF, Ugusman A, Aminuddin A, Zakaria Z, Nordin NA. Piper sarmentosum reduces blood pressure in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats. Int J Cardiol 2017;249:S1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.09.040

8. Shi YN, Liu FF, Jacob MR, Li XC, Zhu HT, Wang D, et al. Antifungal amide alkaloids from the aerial parts of Piper flaviflorum and Piper sarmentosum. Planta Med 2017;83:143-50. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-109778

9. Wang DF, Zhou LL, Zhou HL, Hou GY, Zhou X, Li W. Effects of Piper sarmentosum extract on the growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune response in weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017;101:105-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12517

10. Hematpoor A, Paydar M, Liew SY, Sivasothy Y, Mohebali N, Looi CY, et al. Phenylpropanoids isolated from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells through reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial-dependent pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2018;279:210-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2017.11.014

11. Salleh MF, Aminuddin A, Hamid AA, Salamt N, Japar Sidik FZ, Ugusman A. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Attenuates vascular endothelial dysfunction in nicotine-induced rats. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:667102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.667102

12. Abidin IZ, Johari AN, Ariffin ZZ, Yazid MD, Dyari HR, Ariffin SH. Cytotoxic and osteoblast differentiation induction properties of crude polar extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves: Cytotoxicity and differentiation effect of P. sarmentosum. J Trop Life Sci 2023;13:231-8. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.13.02.01

13. Ugusman A, Zakaria Z, Hui CK, Nordin NA, Mahdy ZA. Flavonoids of Piper sarmentosum and its cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress. EXCLI J 2012;11:705-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-31

14. Baba MS, Hassan ZA. Piper sarmentosum leaf as a promising non-toxic antiparasitic agent against Trypanosoma evansi-induced mice. Malays J Microsc 2019;15:46-60.

15. Deventhiran M, Wyson WJ, Mohamed MS, Jaikumar K, Saravanan P, Anand D. In vitro propagation and comparative phytochemical analysis of wild plant and micropropagated Cleome rutidosperma DC. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2017;9:253-7. https://doi.org/10.25258/phyto.v9i2.8072

16. Sherif SS, Emara NA. Anticancer activity of Balanitis aegyptiaca extract on human hepatoma cells and prostate cell line culture. Int J Pharmtech Res 2016;9:53-64.

17. Putri NS, Noli ZA. Callus culture as the method in providing antimalarial compounds of Piper genus. J Environ Sci Sustain Soc 2021;10:8-11. https://doi.org/10.3107/jesss.10.PP03

18. Junairiah, Purnomo, Utami ESW, Ni'matuzahroh, Sulistyorini L. Callus induction of Piper betle L. Var Nigra using 2,4-Dichlorofenoxyacetic acid and 6-Benzil aminopurin. Biosaintifika 2018;10:588-96. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i3.15962

19. Santos MR, Guimarães MC, Paz ES, Magalhães GM, Souza CA, Smozinski CV, et al. Induction and growth pattern of callus from Piper permucronatum leaves. Rev Bras Plantas Med 2016;18:142-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084X/15_098

20. Junairiah, Fatimah, Nurhariyati T, Zuraidassanaaz NI. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Syzygium cumini L. Leaves in tropical region from Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Asian J Plant Sci 2023;22:104-12. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2023.104.112

21. Ahmed GS, Coskun US. Investigation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of Saussurea costus root extracts. An Acad Bras Cienc 2023;95:e20230059. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320230059

22. Tamuly C, Hazarika M, Bora J, Gajurel PR. Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand-Mazz. Int J Food Proper 2014;17:309-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.631250

23. Prieto JM. Procedure: Preparation of DPPH radical, and antioxidant scavenging assay. DPPH Micro Protoc 2012;7-9.

24. Balbuena TS, Santa-Catarina C, Silveira V, Kato MJ, Floh EI. In vitro morphogenesis and cell suspension culture establishment in Piper solmsianum C. DC. (Piperaceae). Acta Bot Bras 2009;23:274-81. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062009000100029

25. Junairiah, Arofah J, Manuhara YSW, Nurhariyati T, Ni'matuzahroh. Effect of 2,4-D and BAP on callus induction of Piper retrofractum Vahl. Res J Pharm Technol 2021;14:1390-4. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00248.1

26. Wahyuni DK, Andriani P, Ansori AN, Utami ES. Callus induction of gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa) by various concentration of 2,4-D, IBA, and BAP. Biosaintifika 2017;9:402-8. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.11347

27. Damayanti F, Indrianto A, Sasongko AB, Fajarina S, Prabowo BH, Iskandar A, et al. Variation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) concentration on kaffir lime callus growth as raw material for cell suspension. AIP Conf Proc 2020;2260:030012. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0016420

28. Sundarasekar J, Anthony JJ, Murugaiyah V, Subramaniam S. Preliminary responses of 2,4-D and BAP on callus initiation of an important medicinal-ornamental Hymenocallis littoralis plants. J Med Plant Res 2012;6:2088-93. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.790

29. Andaryani S, Samanhudi, Yunus A. Effect of BAP and 2,4-D on callus induction of Jatropha curcas in vitro. Cell Biol Dev 2019;3:56-65. https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v030202

30. Mayerni R, Satria B, Wardhani DK, Chan SR. Effect of auxin (2,4-D) and cytokinin (BAP) in callus induction of local patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2020;583:012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/583/1/012003

31. Muthi'ah A, Sakya AT, Setyawati A, Samanhudi, Rahayu M. Callus induction of Calotropis gigantea using BAP and 2,4-D in vitro. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2023;1177:012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1177/1/012021

32. Kumar GP, Subiramani S, Govindarajan S, Sadasivam V, Manickam V, Mogilicherla K, et al. Evaluation of different carbon sources for high frequency callus culture with reduced phenolic secretion in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. SVPR-2. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2015;7:72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.05.005

33. Chanprapai P, Chavasiri W. Antimicrobial activity from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Against rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi. J Integr Agric 2017;16:2513-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61693-9

34. Qin W, Huang S, Li C, Chen S, Peng Z. Biological activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Piperaceae) and its chemical constituents on Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2010;96:132-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.10.006

35. Rassem HH, Nour AH, Yunus RM. Analysis of bioactive compounds for jasmine flower via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Malays J Fundam Appl Sci 2018;14:198-201. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n2.884

36. Shankar S, Settu S, Segaran G, Sundar RD, Ravi L. Phytochemical constituents of Dracaena mahatma leaves and their anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory significance. Biotechnol Res Innov 2018;2:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2018.09.002

37. Ibrahim MA, Nasir MH, Azahari NF. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of Piper sarmentosum ethanolic extract. Int J Allied Health Sci 2020;4:1257-65. https://doi.org/10.4103/MTSP.MTSP_3_20

38. Beulah GG, Soris PT, Mohan VR. GC-MS determination of bioactive compounds of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.F) Ettingsh: An epiphytic plant. Int J Health Sci Res 2018;8:261-9.

39. Bogdanovic A, Lazic A, Grujic S, Dimkic I, Stankovic S, Petrovic S. Characterisation of twelve newly synthesised N-(substituted phenyl)-2-chloroacetamides with QSAR analysis and antimicrobial activity tests. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021;72:70-9. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3483

40. Gupta AD, Bansal VK, Babu V, Maithil N. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2013;11:25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.12.001

41. Yun H, Hwang BY, Lee JH, Kim BG. Use of enrichment culture for directed evolution of the Vibrio fluvialis JS17 omega-transaminase, which is resistant to product inhibition by aliphatic ketones. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:4220-4. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.8.4220-4224.2005

42. Zhao T, Sun L, Wang Z, Nisar T, Gong T, Li D, et al. The antioxidant property and α-amylase inhibition activity of young apple polyphenols are related with apple varieties. LWT Food Sci Technol 2019;111:252-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.006

43. Krishnan KG, Kumar CU, Lim WM, Mai CW, Thanikachalam PV, Ramalingan C. Novel cyanoacetamide integrated phenothiazines: Synthesis, characterization, computational studies and in vitro antioxidant and anticancer evaluations. J Mol Struct 2020;1199:127037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127037

44. Sharma A, Noda M, Sugiyama M, Ahmad A, Kaur B. Production of functional buttermilk and soymilk using Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+). Molecules 2021;26:4671. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154671

45. Alhusadi NA, Turgutalp B, Deniz I, Acar ET, Sipahi H, Yarim M, et al. Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant and molecular docking studies on novel 6-methoxybenzothiazole-piperazine derivatives with propanamide chain. Curr Top Med Chem 2020;20:1733-41. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200618122500

46. Djebbah FZ, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Belyagoubi L, Kherbouche F, Abdelouahid DE, et al. Isolation and characterisation of Streptomyces sp. Strain GLD25 with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects from Gueldaman cave (GLD1), Akbou-Algeria. J King Saud Univ Sci 2022;34:101719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101719

47. Rapando JW, Ngugi MP, Muturi M, Ogutu JO. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum. Res Square 2020;19. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-80006/v1

48. Dahham SS, Tabana YM, Iqbal MA, Ahamed MB, Ezzat MO, Majid AS, et al. The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules 2015;20:11808-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200711808

49. Naqvi SF, Khan IH, Javaid A. Hexane soluble bioactive components of Chenopodium murale stem. Pak J Weed Sci Res 2020;26:425-32. https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v26i4.875

50. Oladimeji OH, Njinga S, Abdullahi ST. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of obtained derivatives of vanillin. J Pharm Res Sci Tech 2022;6:17-25. https://doi.org/10.31531/jprst.1000157

51. Junairiah, Nurhariyati T, Zuraidassanaaz NI. Phytochemical in the methanol extract of Piper sarmentosum. Ecol Environ Conserv 2020;26:S123-6.

52. Savadi S, Vazifedoost M, Didar Z, Nematshahi MM, Jahed E. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial/antioxidant activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Rhizome methanolic extract. J Food Qual 2020;2020:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5946541

53. Arafa AM, Abdel-Ghani AE, El-Dahmy SI, Abdelaziz S. Micropropagation, myristicin production enhancement, and comparative GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extracts of different organs of Daucus pumilus (Gouan), family Apiaceae. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020;12:324-36. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_289_19

54. Vignesh A, Selvakumar S, Vasanth K. Comparative LC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds, antioxidants and antibacterial activity from leaf and callus extracts of Saraca asoca. Phytomed Plus 2022;2:100167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100167

55. Ghatak A, Nair S, Vajpayee A, Chaturvedi P, Samant S, Soley K, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and LC-MS characterization of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De.Wilde. Int J Adv Res 2015;3:318-27.

Article Metrics
166 Views 95 Downloads 261 Total

Year

Month

Related Search

By author names

Similar Articles

Bioactivity assessment of endophytic fungi associated with Centella asiatica and Murraya koengii

Archana Nath, Jyoti Pathak and SR Joshi

Asparagus racemosus extract increases the life span in Drosophila melanogaster

K. V. Kiran Kumar, K. S. Prasanna, J. S. Ashadevi

Comparative three way analysis of biochemical responses in cereal and millet crops under salinity stress

Ritika Bhatt, Prem Prakash Asopa, Santosh Sihag, Rakesh Sharma, Sumita Kachhwaha, S.L. Kothari

Impact of Phyllanthus amarus extract on antioxidant enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster

N. Manasa, J. S. Ashadevi

Alterations in antioxidant defense system in hepatic and renal tissues of rats following aspartame intake

Saeed A. Alwaleedi

Ten different brewing methods of green tea: comparative antioxidant study

Naila Safdar, Amina Sarfaraz, Zehra Kazmi, Azra Yasmin

Medicinal and Functional Values of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Herb

Eqbal M. A. Dauqan, Aminah Abdullah

Buffalo (Bubalus bubilis) colostrum and milk fat globule membrane fractions are potent antioxidants

N. Brijesha, H. S. Aparna

Effect of extraction solvents on phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of Artocarpus chaplasha and Carissa carandas fruits from Bangladesh

Gouri Dhar, Sonam Akther, Afrin Sultana, Uchen May, Mohammed Moinul Islam, Mowri Dhali, Dwaipayan Sikdar

In Vitro Antidiabetic and Anti-oxidant Activities of Methanol Extract of Tinospora Sinensis

Anindita Banerjee, Bithin Maji, Sandip Mukherjee, Kausik Chaudhuri, Tapan Seal

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Vetiveria nigritana (Benth.) Stapf roots from Burkina Faso

Zenabou Semde, Jean Koudou, Cheikna Zongo, Gilles Figueredo, Marius K. Somda, Leguet Ganou, Alfred S. Traore

Crosstalk of brassinosteroids with other phytohormones under various abiotic stresses

Farhan Ahmad, Ananya Singh, Aisha Kamal

In vitro propagation by axillary shoot proliferation, assessment of antioxidant activity, and genetic fidelity of micropropagated Paederia foetida L.

Biswaranjan Behera, Priyajeet Sinha, Sushanto Gouda, Sakti K. Rath, Durga P. Barik, Padan K. Jena, Pratap C. Panda, Soumendra K. Naik

Effect of growth hormones in induction of callus, antioxidants, and antibacterial activity in Nerium odorum

Avinash Prakasha, S Umesha

Aroclor 1254 induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in mice liver

Jalpa Raja, Shweta Pathak, Rahul Kundu

A study of endophytic fungi Neofusicoccum ribis from Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) as enzyme inhibitor, antibacterial, and antioxidant

Trisanti Anindyawati, Praptiwi

Determination of phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and protein binding qualities of hydroethanolic extract of Celastrus paniculatus

Vijay Kumar¥, Simranjeet Singh¥, Arjun Singh¥, Amit Kumar Dixit¥, Bhavana Shrivastava, Sapna Avinash Kondalkar, Joginder Singh, Ravindra Singh, Gurpreet Kaur Sidhu, Rajesh Partap Singh, Varanasi Subhose, Om Prakash

Effect of Trema guineensis leaves (celtidaceae) on glucose-induced hypertension in Wistar rats

Balakiyém Kadissoli, P A Mouzou, T Pakoussi, K Eklu-Gadegbeku, A K Aklikokou, M Gbeassor

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Aidia borneensis leaf extracts

Zulhamizan Awang-Jamil, Aida Maryam Basri, Norhayati Ahmad, Hussein Taha

Comparative chemical and biological investigations of three Saudi Astragalus species

Mohamed A. Ashour

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Ocimum gratissimum Linn (Lamiaceae) commonly consumed in the Republic of Benin

Hinnoutondji Wilfrid Kpètèhoto, Abdou Madjid Olatoundé Amoussa, Roch Christian Johnson, Eustache Enock Meinsan Houéto , Franck Maurille Zinsou Mignanwandé, Hounnankpon Yédomonhan, Frédéric Loko, Honoré Bankolé, Latifou Lagnika

Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Pleurotaceae): In vitro antioxidant evaluation and the isolation of a steroidal isoprenoid

Blessing Onyinye Okonkwo, Ozadheoghene Eriarie Afieroho, Emeka Daniel Ahanonu, Lambert Okwubie, Kio Anthony Abo

Study of the changes in the growth, protein, and bioactive profile of Chlorella emersonii KJ725233 in response to sodium and ammonium nitrate

Sneha Sunil Sawant, Varsha Kelkar-Mane

Determination of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Launaea resedifolia from Algerian Sahara

Amina Bouguerra, Mohamed Hadjadj, Mesaouda Dekmouche, Zhour Rahmani, Houssine Dendougui

Investigation of morphological, phytochemical, and enzymatic characteristics of Anethum graveolens L. using selenium in combination with humic acid and fulvic acid

Parviz Samavatipour, Vahid Abdossi, Reza Salehi, Saeed Samavat,Alireza Ladan Moghadam

A study on the salinity stress effects on the biochemical traits of seedlings and its relationship with resistance toward sensitive and tolerant flax genotypes

Yousef Alaei, Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar, Mohammad Zaefi Zadeh, Hamid Najafi Zarini, Gaffar Kiani

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: Comprehensive review on its pharmacological, antioxidant, and anticancer activities

Smita Parekh, Anjali Soni

Anti-quorum sensing, antibacterial, antioxidant activities, and phytoconstituents analysis of medicinal plants used in Benin: Acacia macrostachya (Rchb. ex DC.)

Mounirou Tchatchedre, Abdou Madjid O. Amoussa, Ménonvè Atindehou, Aminata P. Nacoulma, Ambaliou Sanni, Martin kiendrebeogo, Latifou Lagnika

Studies on the mechanism of desiccation tolerance in the resurrection fern Adiantum raddianum

Tumkur Govindaraju Banupriya, Chandraiah Ramyashree, Devaraja Akash, Neeragunda Shivaraj Yathish, Ramasandra Govindarao Sharthchandra

Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous seed extract of Daucus carota L. in triton ×100-induced hyperlipidemic mice

Habibu Tijjani, Abubakar Mohammed, Sani Muktar, Saminu Musa, Yusuf Abubakar, Adegbenro Peter Adegunloye, Ahmed Adebayo Ishola, Enoch Banbilbwa Joel, Carrol Domkat Luka, Adamu Jibril Alhassan

Role of glutathione reductase and catalase enzyme in antioxidant defense mechanism in controlling fluoride-induced oxidative stress

Komal Sharma, Mamta Choudhary, Khushbu Verma

Biological activities and phytochemicals of Hyptis capitata grown in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Irawan Wijaya Kusuma, Rahmini, Enos Tangke Arung, Arif Yudo Pramono, Erwin, Supomo

Mycelial biomass, antioxidant, and myco-actives of mycelia of abalone mushroom Pleurotus cystidiosus in liquid culture

Kent Garcia, Chester Jhae Garcia, Reynante Bustillos, Rich Milton Dulay

Salt stress, its impacts on plants and the strategies plants are employing against it: A review

Zeenat Mushtaq, Shahla Faizan, Basit Gulzar

Impact of oxidizing, reducing, and stabilizing agents on the inhibitory properties of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba trypsin inhibitor

Preeti Patidar, Mahima Golani, Sumati Hajela, Krishnan Hajela

Identification of highest L-Methioninase enzyme producers among soil microbial isolates, with potential antioxidant and anticancer properties

D. Kavya, Varalakshmi Kilingar Nadumane

Astaxanthin: An algae-based natural compound with a potential role in human health-promoting effect: An updated comprehensive review

Jinu Medhi, Mohan Chandra Kalita

Linalool protects hippocampal CA1 neurons and improves functional outcomes following experimental ischemia/reperfusion in rats

Vishal Airao, Prakruti Buch, Tejas Sharma, Devendra Vaishnav, Sachin Parmar

Modification of the time of incubation in colorimetric method for accurate determination of the total antioxidants capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl stable free radical

Abhipsa Bal, Samar Gourav Pati, Falguni Panda, Biswaranjan Paital

HR-LC-MS based profiling of phytochemicals from methanol extracts of leaves and bark of Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

Kuppuru Mallikarjunaiah Marulasiddaswamy, Bettadapura Rameshgowda Nuthan,, Channarayapatna-Ramesh Sunilkumar, Shrisha Naik Bajpe,, Kigga Kaadappa Sampath Kumara, Shailasree Sekhar, Kukkundoor Ramachandra Kini

Preclinical evaluation of anticataract activity of Mentha spicata leaves on isolated goat lens by an in vitro model

Shreya Mohandas, Saahiba Thaleshwari, Myrene Roselyn Dsouza

Green synthesis, characterizations, and in vitro biological evaluation of Cu (II) complexes of quercetin with N ^ N ligands

Tanu Srivastava, Sunil Kumar Mishra, Om Prakash Tiwari

Optimization of extraction conditions of phytochemical compounds in “Xiem” banana peel powder using response surface methodology

Ngo Van Tai, Mai Nhat Linh, Nguyen Minh Thuy

Antioxidative, antiproliferative, and apoptosis effect of Coleus tuberosus flesh and peel ethanol extracts on cervical cancer cell lines

Mutiara Nugraheni, Windarwati Windarwati, Badraningsih Lastariwati

Comparative study of hydroalcoholic extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Macrotyloma uniflorum for their antioxidant, antiurolithiatic, and wound healing potential

Chetna Faujdar, Priyadarshini

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Precocene II, estimation of enzymatic, nonenzymatic antioxidant, and cytotoxic potentials of methyl jasmonate-elicited shoot culture of Ageratum conyzoides Linn.

Selvaraj Vasantharani, Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan, Gunasekaran Bhuvaneswari

Suppression of the RAGE gene expression in RAW 264.7 murine leukemia cell line by ethyl acetate extract of Mikania micrantha (L.) Kunth.

Alex Zohmachhuana, Malsawmdawngliana Tlaisun, Vabeiryureilai Mathipi, Lalrinzuali Khawlhring, Joyce Sudandara Priya

A review on fish peptides isolated from fish waste with their potent bioactivities

Ayusman Behera, Rajashree Das, Pranati Patnaik, Jyotirmaya Mohanty, Gargee Mohanty

Quantification of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities from various parts of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.

Priya Chaudhary, Pracheta Janmeda

Influence of soaking and germination treatments on the nutritional, anti-nutritional, and bioactive composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)

Qurat Ul Eain Hyder Rizvi, Krishan Kumar, Naseer Ahmed, Ajar Nath Yadav, Divya Chauhan, Priyanka Thakur, Sumaira Jan, Imran Sheikh

Impact of diverse processing treatments on nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L.)

Priyanka Thakur, Krishan Kumar, Naseer Ahmed, Ajar Nath Yadav, Sunil Kumar, Qurat Ul Eain Hyder Rizvi, Divya Chauhan, Sumaira Jan

Cathelicidin-HR from Hoplobatrachus rugulosus: an antioxidant peptide that performs a protective effect against UV/H2O2 -induced DNA damage

Piyachat Wiriyaampaiwong, Chutima Karnmongkol, Arpaporn Punpad, Nattapong Srisamoot, Wutti Rattanavichai, Alongkod Tanomtong, Sakda Daduang,, Sompong Klaynongsruang,, Anupong Tankrathok,

Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz’s fungal endophyte Mucor souzae’s secondary metabolites, kaempferol and quercetin, bestow biological activities

Kavyashree Doreswamy, Priyanka Shenoy, Sneha Bhaskar, Ramachandra K. Kini, Shailasree Sekhar

Characterization of the crude extract of Portulaca oleracea and the determination of the polyphenol oxidase kinetics in the presence of Cu and Zn

Omar Mohammad Atrooz, Shada Zaher Al-Maitah

Effect of diverse fermentation treatments on nutritional composition, bioactive components, and anti-nutritional factors of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Sumaira Jan, Krishan Kumar, Ajar Nath Yadav, Naseer Ahmed, Priyanka Thakur, Divya Chauhan, Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, Harcharan Singh Dhaliwal

Optimization of active antioxidative defatted Canarium indicum L. (Canary) protein hydrolysate production

Cintya Nurul Apsari,, Ilma Nugrahani, Sukrasno, Tutus Gusdinar

Elemental, nutritional, and phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Cordia obliqua Willd. (Clammy Cherry): An important underutilized forest tree of East India

Mamta Naik#,, Shashikanta Behera#,,, Sadhni Induar, Swaraj K. Babu, Pradeep K. Naik

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysate derived from the larvae of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.)

Muhammad Yusuf Abduh,, Diah Ayu Prawitasari,, Ula Aulia Fitrian,, Mochamad Firmansyah,

Evaluation of functional characteristics of roselle seed and its use as a partial replacement of wheat flour in soft bread making

Nguyen Minh Thuy, Nguyen Bao Tram, Dinh Gia Cuong, Huynh Khanh Duy, Ly Thanh An, Vo Quoc Tien, Tran Ngoc Giau, Ngo Van Tai

Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of three selected Portulaca grandiflora mutants in MV8 generation as a result of recurrent irradiation technique

Waras Nurcholis,, Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Regina Agritena Mayrischa Saraswati, Yoshua Shandy Yudha

Insights into the impact of spermidine in reducing salinity stress in Gerbera jamesonii

Javeria Uzma, Sai Krishna Talla, Praveen Mamidala

In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial potential of biosynthesized yttrium oxide nanoparticles using floral extract of Illicium verum

Karthikeyan Kandasamy, Premkumar Kumpati

Effect of combined NPK fertilizer on polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity in methanol extract of Curcuma xanthorhiza

Minarni Minarni, Rayandra Asyhar, Amira Amandanisa, Sintya Ainun, Yoshua Shandy Yudha, I Made Artika,, Waras Nurcholis,

Dehydration kinetics of green banana slices, characterization of optimized product based on physicochemical, nutritional, optical, and sensory attributes

Ram Kaduji Gadhave, Ravneet Kaur, Rahul Das, Kamlesh Prasad

Assessment of morpho-agronomic and yield attributes in gamma-irradiated mutants of Kalanamak rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Tanmai Mishra, Anjali Singh, Virendra Kumar Madhukar, Ashutosh Kumar Verma, Shambhavi Mishra, Rajveer Singh Chauhan

Metabolic profile, bioactivities, and variations in chemical constituents of essential oils of twenty mango ginger (Curcuma amada) accessions

Jyotirmayee Lenka, Snehalata Khuntia, Basudeba Kar, Suprava Sahoo

Phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of spray-dried and freeze-dried aqueous extracts of sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa)

Fadna Aatab, Fatima Bellali, Fatima Zahra Aboudamia, Ahmed Errhif, Mariem Kharroubi

Optimization of pasteurization process of the ready-to-drink beverage from Hong Quan (Flacourtia jangomas) fruit by response surface methodology

Tan Duy Nguyen,, Tuyen Thi Xuan Vo,, Khang Nghia Tran,

Increasing polyphenol antioxidant in Orthosiphon stamineus Benth leaves with fermentation extraction by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC-9763

Muhammad Aria Chandra, Khaswar Syamsu, Laksmi Ambarsari, Nurul Fatimah, Waras Nurcholis,

Phytochemical composition and antiproliferative activity of Opuntia elatior Mill.: In vitro and in silico studies on breast cancer cell line MCF-7

Foram Patel, Khushali Upadhyay, Denni Mammen, Elizabeth Robin, A.V. Ramachandran, Darshee Baxi

Bioactive properties of the extracts of peels, pomace, seeds, and essential oils of Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia

Folasade Oluwatobi, Olakunle Afolabi, Pius Okiki, Funmilayo Adeniyi, Oghenerobor Akpor

High resolution-liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer characterization of bioactive compounds in pineapple wastes: Valorization of antioxidant and enzymatic activity

Suman Polaki, Sourav Nayak, K. Sampad Kumar, Rabi Prasad B

Recent important insight into nutraceuticals potential of pigmented rice cultivars: A promising ingredient for future food

Le Thi Kim Loan, Bui The Vinh, Ngo Van Tai

Solid-state fermentation of pigment producing endophytic fungus Fusarium solani from Madiwala lake and its toxicity studies

Bhoomika Prakash Poornamath, Suma Sarojini, Saranya Jayaram, Soma Biswas, Anand Kaloor, Mridul Umesh

Elucidation of antioxidant compounds recovery capacity from “Cam” purple rice bran by different sustainable extraction techniques

Le Thi Kim Loan, Bui The Vinh, Ngo Van Tai

Assessment of in vitro antioxidant properties and anticancer potential of Cucumis pubescens Willd. a medicinal fruit, utilizing human lung cancer cell line (A549)

T. Sundari, R. Kavitha, B. Mythili Gnanamangai, S. Saranya

Exploring Bougainvillea glabra flowers: a promising source of natural antimicrobial and anticancer agents

Wanchat Sirisarn, Auemphon Mordmuang, Kankamol Kerdkumthong, Sompop Saeheng,,

The effectiveness of the use of antioxidant formulations in the storage of fat from the Pacific sardines Sardinops melanostictus

Oksana V. Tabakaeva, Lidia V. Shulgina,, Mouhamad Alrajab, Anton V. Tabakaev, Pavel A. Shinkaruk, Varvara D. Stepochkina

Evaluation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. for their antifungal and antioxidant activities

Sudesh Kumari, Prity Gulia, Pooja Choudhary, Ritu Pasrija, Mehak Dangi, Anil Kumar Chhillar

Effect of nutrient media enhanced with plant growth regulators on genetic stability in sub-cultures of Digitalis purpurea callus

Mohammed Ahmed AL-Oqab, Salim Zaid, Youssef Al-Ammouri, Shawqi H. Alawdi